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Bio: Chap 1.1 Characteristics of life
Chemistry of water (2.3) and Acid and Bases (2.4)
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A chemical reaction is the process of...
making
or
breaking
a
bond
What is an example of a chemical reaction with bread?
Eating bread
as the
saliva
is
breaking chemical bonds
What is the definition of metabolism in biology?
All the
chemical reactions
in a
cell
or
organism
How do covalent bonds form?
When
two atoms share electrons
What are the two types of covalent bonds?
Polar
and
nonpolar
What is a nonpolar covalent?
equal sharing
of
electrons
(
ex:
methane)
What is a polar covalent?
Unequal sharing
of
electrons
(ex:
H2O
)
Do most biomolecules contain polar or nonpolar covalent bonds?
Polar
What element do polar bonds often have?
oxygen
What is electronegativity?
the
ability
of an atom to
attract electrons
towards
itself
What element is the most electronegative?
oxygen
What is Nitrogen's level of electronegativity?
slightly electronegativity
What does it mean that Carbon and Hydrogen are electropositive?
easier
to
give away electrons
What can polar molecules make?
hydrogen bonds
with other
polar
molecules
What are hydrogen bonds?
weak attraction
between a
slightly
positive
hydrogen
atom and a
slightly
negative
atom
Polar covalent bonds lead to ___ and then lead to ___ and then lead to ___
hydrogen bonds
,
surface tension
/
capillary reaction
/
evaporating cooling
(
sweating
)
Is a single hydrogen bond weak or strong?
Weak
Are multiple hydrogen bonds weak or strong
strong
What chemical characteristics does water have due to hydrogen bonds?
cohesive
/
adhesive
,
molecules dissolving
,
absorb
much
energy
,
ice
is
less dense
than
liquid water
Why is water "sticky"
hydrogen bonds
What are enzymes?
proteins
What are exoskeletons made out of?
chitin
Where are neutrons and protons located?
Nucleus
What is the definition of cohesion?
water molecules hydrogen bonding
to other
water molecules
What does cohesion lead to?
surface tension
What is the definition of adhesion?
Water molecules hydrogen bonding to other polar surfaces
How does water move through plants?
capillary action
What is capillary action?
the
combination
of
adhesion
and
cohesion
What is evaporative cooling (sweating)
As water
evaporates
, it
pulls heat
from the
organism
What bonds must be broken to evaporate?
Hydrogen
What is the pH scale?
measures
acidity
or
alkalinity
of a
liquid
Why is pH important in biology?
impacts biochemical reactions
Organisms change ___ of different parts of their --- to manipulate ---.
pH
body
chemistry
pH scale: 0-7
acidic
(
positive protons
,
hydrogen ion
,
H+
)
pH scale: 7
neutral
pH scale: 7-14
Basic
(
Alkaline
) (
negative hydroxyl ions
,
-OH
)
pH varies in ___ and ___
body
temperature
What keeps pH constant?
Buffers
What is the definition of buffer?
chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits
(
homeostasis
)
What are three built-in mechanisms does the human body to prevent pH changes?
kidney
,
lungs
,
buffers
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