States of matter/separation techniques/Cells

• Describe the description of a liquid

  Particles are touching but arranged randomly,move around each other and average amount of energy
• Describe the arrangement of a Gas

  Particles are far apart,constantly moving in all directions and most stored energy
• Describe the arrangement of a solid

  Tightly compact,arranged orderly,vibrate to and fro,least stored energy
• Name the changes from solid-liquid-gas

  melting-evaporating/boiling
• Name the changes between gas-liquid-solid

  condensation-freezing
• name the change from solid -gas

  Sublimation
• Name the change from gas -solid

  desublimation
• A substance is solid above its melting point
• A substance is gas above its boiling point
• A substance is a liquid inbetween melting point and boiling point
• When state changes occur there is a transference of energy
• Pure substance has a sharp melting point
• Mixture has a curve as it melts over a range of temperatures
• element is a substance that consists only of same type of atoms
• Compound is two or more chemically joined atoms
• When do you use simple distillation

  To separate a solvent from a soloution
• When do you use fractional distillation

  To separate a liquid from a mixture of liquids that mix completely with each other(miscible)
• When do you use filtration

  To separate an insoluble substance from a liquid
• When do you use crystallisation

  To seperate solid crystals from a solution
• Explain Simple distillation

  This works because the solute in the soloution has a much higher boiling point than the solvent.When the soloution is heated the solvent boils,solvent vapour passes into the condenser and the vapour is cooled and condensed back into the liquid state
• During simple distillation the soloution becomes more concentrated because the solute stays behind
• Explain the function of a condenser in distillation

  Cold water runs through the space between the two tubes,keeping the condenser cold
• Explain Fractional Distillation

  This works because the liquid in the mixture have different boiling points.when the mixture is heated the mixture boils,hot vapour rises up the fractionating column,vapour condenses when it hits the cool surface of the column and drips back,fraction with lowest boiling point reaches the top of the column first,its vapour passes into condensor
• Explain Filtration

  This works because the filter paper has tiny pores these are: large enough to let water molecules and dissolved substances through,small enough to stop insolouble solid particles going through
• Explain crystallisation

  Solution is heated to produce a saturated soloution,saturated soloution is allowed to cool,crystals form in the soloution,crystals are seperated from the liquid and dried
• DEFFINITION OF soloute

  Substance that dissolves into solvent typically liquid
• DEFFINITION OF solvent

  substance that dissolves other substances
• DEFFINITION OF soluble

  substance that can be dissolved
• DEFFINITION OF saturated

  substance that cannot hold anymore solute
• MEANING OF FORMULATION


  mixture designed as a usefull product
• Deffinition of Solvent


  A liquid that will dissolve something
• Deffinition of insolouble


  Unable to dissolve
• Definition of residue


  substance remaining in the filter after mixture has passed through it
• Definition of Filtrate


  Soloution passing through Filter
• How do you calculate rf


  Distance moved by substance/Distance moved by solvent
• Name the three stages of creating potable water

  Sedimentation,Filtration,chlorination
• Characteristics of a Prokaryotic Cell


  Simple,small,no nucleus,Dna is loose in cell
• Characteristics of an Eukaryotic cell are

  Complex,larger,Nucleus,Dna in Nucleus
• Characteristics that only a Plant cell has

  Cell wall,vacuole,chloroplast
• Charcteristics that both animal and plant cell have

  Cell membrane,ribosomes,mitochondria,nucleus,cytoplasm,