Enzymes are biologicalcatalysts that speed up the rate of the reaction without being USEDUP.
Enzymes are made of..?
proteins that are made out of amino acids
What are the two enzyme models?
Lock and key model
Induced fit model
What is the lock and key model?
Enzymes are specific to the substrate they bind too, and after a product is formed, it is released as it doesnt fit the active site anymore
What is the induced fit model?
substrate enters an enzyme's active site and the enzyme alters its shape slightly so the substrate can fit
One way to increase the rate of reaction is to increase the temperature.
State reasons why we cannot always do this.
It can damage our cells
It can require a lot of energy
It can also speed up non-useful reactions
Are enzymes specific?
Yes, as they are made out of long chains of amino acids, and depending on what way they fold up, they create different enzymes
How do enzymes work?
-Can get a substrate and break it into multiple products
-Or get multiple products back into a substrate
What is the active site, and explain the role of it.
the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds, and is complementary to the substrate
The shape of the active site matches the shape of the substrate molecules and holds them together so bonds can form between them to make the product. The product molecule doesn't fit into the active site well so is released.
What 3 factors affect enzyme activity?
temperature, pH, substrate concentration
How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
Low temps= Molecules move slow so substrates take longer to reach and bind with active sites
Optimum temps= The enzyme is working at its fastestrate
High temps= Cause the active site to changeshape, so it cant hold the substrate as tightly and the reaction goes more slowly
At veryhigh temps= The active site breaksup and the enzyme is denatured
How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?
-At low substrate concentration not every active site of each enzyme is busy so adding more substrate increases the rate of reaction
-At high substrate concentration adding more substrate has little effect because the active site of every molecule is busy.
What does the large molecule carbohydrates break down into?
It is broken down into sugars with the enzyme AMYLASE
What does the large molecule proteins break down into?
It is broken down into amino acids with the enzyme PROTEASE
What does the large molecule lipids break down into?
It is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol with the enzyme LIPASE
What is PH?
measure of acidity
Effects of pH on enzyme activity
If pH is too low or too high it lowers the rate of reaction
If PH is too high the enzyme gets denatured
Explain how increasing the temperature can cause an enzyme to denature.
-High temperatures start to break the bonds holding the enzyme together
-This causes the enzyme and it's active site to change shape
-This means the enzymes active site will no longer be complementary to the substrate