ex. 29 [blood]

• average blood volume for average-sized male is 5-6L; females 4-5L
• amount of oxygen being carried determines color of blood
• most numerous leukocyte is neutrophils
• granulocytes are neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
• red blood cell also called erythrocyte; anucleate formed element
• neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils are all phagocytes
• lymphocytes and monocytes are agranulocytes
• megakaryocytes are precursor cells for platelets
• platelets are cell fragments
• eosinophils destroy parasitic worms
• basophils release histamines and promote inflammation
• lymphocytes produce antibodies
• plasma is non-living fluid matric that is 90% water and 10% dissolved substances; 55% of whole blood
• plasma contains water, salts (electrolytes), plasma proteins, nutrients, waste, respiratory gases, and hormones
• plasma proteins

  • albumin: osmotic balance
  • fibrinogen: clotting of blood
  • globulin: antibodies and lipid transport
• monocytes exits blood vessel to develop into macrophage
• formed elements are cells and cell fragments; 45% of whole blood
• buffy coat: contains wbcs
• anemia is condition in which too few RBCs or RBCs with hemoglobin deficiencies
• leukocytosis: increased number of white blood cells in the blood
• leukopenia: low white blood cell count, can be caused by chemotherapy, infection, or medication
• polycythemia: increased red blood cell count due to increased production of RBCs
• hematocrit: the percentage of red blood cells in the blood
• diapedesis: ability for WBCs to move in and out of blood vessels
• amoeboid motion: movement of the cell that is not restricted to a single plane
• neutrophil:

  • multilobed nucleus
  • pale red and blue granules

  
• eosinophil:

  • bilobed nucleus
  • red granules

  
• basophil:

  • bilobed nucleus
  • purplish black cytoplasm

  
• lymphocyte:

  • large nucleus
  • crescent shaped blue cytoplasm
  • same size as RBC

  
• monocytes:

  • kidney shaped nucleus
  • abundant pale blue cytoplasm

  
• platelets occur in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured
• total cell counts are used for determining number of cells per unit volume of blood
• differential white blood cell count is used to diagnose infections and diseases by counting 100 WBC and determining percentage of each WBC type
• normal male hematocrit levels are 47.0 +- 5;

  females 42.0+-5
• atherosclerosis: the hardening of the arteries due to the build up of fatty material
• normal plasma cholesterol is 130-200mg per 100ml of plasma
• HDL is degraded in liver while LDL stays in system
• universal blood donor type: O -
• universal blood recipient is AB+
• hemostasis: the process of stopping blood loss and clotting