geography

• Overpopulation occurs when there are too many people relative to the resources and technology available in an area or country, making a reasonable standard of living difficult to attain
• Characteristics of an overpopulated country include a high birth rate, low life expectancy, low literacy levels, high unemployment, and crime rates
• People in overpopulated countries often live in poor, congested, and unhygienic conditions, with many being farmers or lacking a stable income
• Consequences of overpopulation include socio-economic strain, overcrowding, environmental problems, unemployment, and the presence of slums and squatter settlements
• Socio-economic strain in overpopulated countries leads to pressure on resources like food, water, living space, housing, fuels, and farmland, requiring the government to spend more on transport, education, housing, sanitation, and food
• Overcrowding in overpopulated areas results in congestion, unhealthy living conditions, increased social problems, pollution of water sources, air pollution, and traffic issues
• Environmental pollution due to overpopulation includes air pollution from vehicle exhaust and factory smoke, water pollution from improper sewage disposal, and noise pollution from traffic and construction
• Unemployment is a consequence of overpopulation, leading to insufficient jobs, high rates of illegal work, and increased crime rates
• Slums and squatter settlements are common in overpopulated areas, characterized by poor living conditions, lack of proper services, high pollution levels, diseases, and crime rates
• Underpopulation occurs when there are not enough people to fully utilize the resources in a country, leading to greater economic development with an increase in population
• Causes of underpopulation include high standards of living, education of women, and factors like war, disasters, and diseases
• Underpopulation may not attract immigrants due to limited opportunities and lack of vibrant culture, leading to economic losses from reduced foreign investment and lack of labour supply for foreign companies
• A lack of a sizeable defence force in underpopulated countries can hinder their ability to defend against external threats and impact military relations with neighbouring countries
• Underpopulation can hamper economic growth by reducing the workforce contributing to the country's GDP, limiting opportunities for partnerships with foreign corporations, and decreasing competitiveness in a globalized world
• An ageing population in underpopulated countries can strain the working population with increased taxes to fund elderly care and facilities, leading to challenges in maintaining the standard of living
• Population terms:

  • Birth Rate: Number of live births per 1,000 people in a given population within a specific time frame
  • Death Rate: Number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population within a specific time frame
  • Natural Increase: Difference between the birth rate and the death rate in a population
  • Total Fertility Rate: Average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years
  • Population Growth Rate: Percentage increase in a population over a specific period, considering births, deaths, and migration
• Reasons for the rapid increase in the world’s population:

  • Declining Death Rates due to advances in healthcare and medical technologies
  • Increased Food Production from advancements in agriculture
  • Improvements in Public Health through vaccination programs and disease control
  • Industrialization leading to economic opportunities and potential increase in birth rates
• Reasons for High Population Growth Rate:

  • Limited Access to Family Planning
  • High Infant and Child deaths
  • Lack of Good Healthcare
  • Not Enough Vaccines
  • Poor Nutrition
  • Unsafe Drinking Water
  • Limited Access to Medicine
  • Cultural and Religious Beliefs
  • Limited Education, Especially for Women
  • Traditional Agricultural Practices
  • Economic Dependency on Children
• Consequences for Countries Facing High Population Growth:

  • Strain on Resources
  • Pressure on Infrastructure
  • Unemployment
  • Challenges in Education
  • Healthcare Strain
  • Environmental Impact
• Reasons for Low Population Growth Rate:

  • Access to Education
  • Career Focus
  • Family Planning Services
  • Urbanization
  • Delayed Marriages
  • Economic Factors
• Consequences of Low Population Growth Rate:

  • Aging Population
  • Economic Challenges
  • Pressures on the government to provide financial support
  • Innovation and Technological Impact
  • Workforce Shortages
• Population policies:

  • Aimed at influencing the size, structure, and distribution of a country's population
  • Include pro-natalist and anti-natalist measures
  • Common elements: Family Planning Programs, Healthcare Services, Encouraging Education Programs for women, Rewards and Penalties, Creating Jobs and Helping the Economy, Migration Policies, Public Awareness Campaigns
• There are two main reasons why the world's population has increased so rapidly over recent decades - falling death rates and rising life expectancy.
• In 1950 there were 2.6 billion people on Earth; by 2030 this number will have risen to 8.4 billion.
• The global population is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050 and continue increasing until it reaches around 11 billion people by 2100.
• The majority of the increase is expected to occur in developing countries where birth rates remain high.
• Most of this increase will be concentrated in developing countries, particularly those with high fertility levels.
• By 2030 it is estimated that 7 out of every 10 babies born worldwide will be born in Africa or Asia.
• Many governments around the world are concerned about their populations growing too quickly because they fear that rapid growth could lead to problems such as poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation, and social unrest.
• China currently has the largest population with approximately 1.4 billion people, followed closely by India with about 1.3 billion people.
• China and India currently account for more than half of the world's population growth.
• By 2050, Africa's population could be as large as China's current population (1.4 billion).
• By 2050, Africa's population could double from its current level of about 1.3 billion people.
• Asia currently accounts for more than half (57%) of the world's population but its share is declining as other regions grow faster.
• Asia's population is also predicted to grow significantly, with an additional 1.7 billion people added between now and 2050.
• Africa's population is predicted to double from its current level of 1.2 billion to 2.5 billion by 2050.
• The oceans of the world are Arctic, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific, Indian, and Southern ocean
• The continents of the the world are

  Asia

  South America

  North America

  Australia

  Antartica

  Africa

  Europe
• On the plate boundaries
• Structure of the Earth

  • Core (super hot core)
  • Mantle (molten/semi liquid)
  • Crust (hard crust)