LESSON 2

• The term "Intellectual Revolution" is used to refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE). ... First, the world is a natural whole (that is, supernatural forces do not make things 'happen'). Second, there is a natural 'order' (that is, there are 'laws of nature')
• Copernican Revolution This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemic's model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having earth revolving around it)
• Copernican Revolution In the early times, people questioned what created days and nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are. The invention of the telescope allowed the people to take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it is also intrigued them to know what was actually out there
• Claudius Ptolemy (100 CE - 170 CE)

   Egyptian astronomer, mathematician and geographer

   In several fields his writings represent the culminating achievement of Greco-Roman science, particularly his geocentric model of the universe now known as the Ptolemaic system
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

   Polish Catholic Cleric

   Observe night sky from an observation tower

   Trying to solve calendar problem

   Suggested a Sun centered Universe in a book titles De Revolutionibus, which was not published until the year he died

   NOTE: He was well educated and had read Greek astronomy
• Copernican Model Explained

  • Earth rotation caused daily motion from east to west

  • Mercury and Venus are inferior planets, which

  explained why they are always seen near the Sun.

  • Sun's annual motion along the ecliptic (Zodiac) was cause by Earth’s orbital motion (this one was difficult to accept)

  • Retrograde motion was a natural phenomenon of one planet passing another planet as the orbited the sun.
• Although heliocentric theories had been considered by philosophers as early as Philolaus in the 5th century BCE, and while there had been earlier discussions of the possibility of Earth’s motion, Copernicus was the first to propound a comprehensive heliocentric theory equal in scope and predictive capability to Ptolemy’s geocentric system
• The Darwinian Revolution was considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time.
• This has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology. This revolution provided a different idea about the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution.
• Evolution means change over time. A scientific theory is NOT just a belief, it is a supported tested explanation
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882) English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies.
• History of Darwin's Studies

  In 1831, Darwin sets sail on the HMS Beagle

  In 1844, he writes his theory on the origin of species

  In 1858, Darwin and Wallace publish their theories on evolution
• In Principles of Geology, Lyell presents arguments in support of uniformitarianism, the theory that observable processes occurring in the present are sufficient to explain the formation of all geological features over great time periods.
• Darwin's work explained taxonomic relationships between groups of organisms, which were related by common ancestry and not necessarily by outward form.
• Freudian Revolution

   In the past, the field of psychology was classified under philosophy. Psychology was considered more an art rather than a science.

   In the later 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people's perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis
• This theory has started to revolutionized Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the human development contributes to his/her personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental stage.
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

  • Psychology
  • Austrian, doctor
  • Father of Psychoanalysis
  • One of the First Psychologists to study human motivation
• Freud-believed that mental illness is the result of nurture, not nature.

  He asked the question:

  “What makes people do things?”

  Answer: MOTIVATION

  Needs motivate human behavior

  (food, shelter, clothing)
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory of psychology explaining human motivation based on the pursuit of different levels of needs. The theory states that humans are motivated to fulfill their needs in a hierarchical order. This order begins with the most basic needs before moving on to more advanced needs. The ultimate goal, according to this theory, is to reach the fifth level of the hierarchy: self actualization
• Being deprived of a need arouses a feeling called DRIVE or DESIRE. Animals respond instinctively, humans learn various ways to respond.
• The human mind has 3 aspects which influence behavior

  Ego

  Superego

  Id
• Id - unconscious part of mind

  -this part of mind seeks to bring us pleasure

  -primitive parts of our personality including aggression and sexual drives
• Ego - Conscious part of mind (Rational Self)

  Decides what action to take for positive means and what to do based on what is believed is the right thing to do.

  Aware of reality
• Superego - unconscious part of mind that acts as our conscience. Reminds us of what we should do
• Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, compared the human mind to an iceberg. The tip above the water represents consciousness, and the vast region below the surface symbolizes the unconscious mind. Of Freud's three basic personality structures

  • id, ego and superego
  • only id is totally unconscious.
• Psychoanalysis has as its core the idea that each of us has an unconscious part whose existence, activities and thoughts are hidden behind a mental barrier that we cannot voluntarily remove. Behind this barrier are repressed and psychologically dangerous thoughts that give rise to unconscious conflicts, which in turn, can result to psychological and physical symptoms

  • Plotnik, p 51