Chapter 7

• Skull:

  • Sinuses in the skull have functions related to gas exchange and resonance in speech
• Sphenoid bone is the keystone of the cranium because it articulates with all other cranial bones
• Hyoid bone:

  • Functions include supporting the tongue and providing attachment for muscles of the floor of the mouth and the throat
• Vertebral column:

  • Types of vertebrae: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), coccygeal (4 fused)
  • Abnormal curvatures: scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis
  • Herniated disk: when the soft center of a spinal disk pushes through a crack in the tougher exterior
• Bony Thorax:

  • Types of ribs: true ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-10), floating ribs (11-12)
  • Both males and females have 12 ribs in total
• Appendicular Skeleton - Pectoral Girdle:

  • Clavicle is often broken outwardly due to its design
  • Scapula is involved in shoulder movement
  • Arm: Humerus bone
  • Olecranon fossa allows the ulna to move freely during flexing and extending
  • Radius lies laterally in anatomical position and contributes to the wrist
  • Radial pulse is taken proximal to the thumb
• Appendicular Skeleton - Pelvic Girdle:

  • Os Coxa is formed from three fused bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
  • Iliac crest is where you place your hands on your hips
  • Ischial tuberosity bears the weight when sitting
  • The pelvic girdle articulates with the sacrum
• Leg:

  • Femur is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body
  • The greater trochanter is an attachment point for buttock and thigh muscles
  • Patella is the kneecap
  • Tibia is the second strongest bone and forms the medial part of the ankle
  • Fibula helps stabilize the ankle but is non-weight bearing
• Carpal tunnel is a passageway in the wrist through which nerves and the flexor muscles of the hands pass
• Ulna:

  • Lies medially (above little finger) in anatomical position
  • Major elbow joint bone
  • Has radial notch which articulates with the radius
  • Bonds to radius with interosseous fossa (the tibia and fibula also have this type of bond)
• Tibia:

  • 2nd strongest bone in size and strength
  • Articulates with the femur to form the knee joint (fibula does not)
  • Forms the medial part of the ankle and articulates with the talus distally
• Fibula:

  • Helps stabilize the ankle
  • Non-weight bearing
• Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges are bones of the foot
• what are each disorders by definition

  • cleft palate
  • hip dysplasia
  • clubfoot
  • spina bifida