BLOOD

• This is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material

  Plasma
• How much liters of blood does an average adult have?

  5L
• What are the formed elements in the plasma?

  erythrocytes (RBCs)

  leukocytes (WBCs)

  platelets
• answer

  plasma is the liquid form of blood, while

  serum is the fluid from blood after clotting
• This contains all the soluble parts of plasma, but with no clotting factors (fibrinogen and other clotting proteins)

  Serum
• By adding this, clotting on collected blood will be prevented

  anticoagulants
• How much is the volume of Erythrocytes in healthy adults?

  44%
• This is the straw-colored, translucent, slightly viscous supernatant comprising 55% at teh top half of centrifugation tube

  Plasma
• How much is the volume of plasma in blood?

  55%
• This is the thin gray-white layer between the plasma and the hematocrit

  buffy coat
• How much of the buffy coat volume consists of leukocytes and platelets?

  about 1%
• These cells are one of the body's chief defenses against infection

  Leukocytes
• Leukocytes are

  inactive while suspended in circulating blood,

  motile when advancing to sites of infection or inflammation
• Plasma is

  an aqueous solution

  with the pH of 7.4
• One of the major plasma proteins;

  the most abundant,

  made IN the liver,

  serves primarily to maintain osmotic pressure of the blood

  Albumin
• One of the major plasma proteins;

  made BY the liver and other cells (transferrin, fibronectin, prothrombotin, lipoproteins, etc.,)

  Globulins
• One of the major plasma proteins;

  This is secreted by plasma cells n many locations

  Immunoglobulins (antibodies or y-globulins)
• One of the major plasma proteins;

  the largest plasma protein,

  made IN the liver,

  polymerizes as insoluble, cress-linked fibers of fibrin that block blood loss from small vessels during clotting

  Fibrinogen
• One of the major plasma proteins;

  defensive system important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

  Complement proteins
• Plasma Composition

  55% of whole blood

  92% Water

  7% Proteins by weight (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins)

  1% other solutes by weight
• Plasma Proteins

  Weight Composition

  58% Albumins

  37% Globulins

  4% Fibrinogen

  >1% Regulatory Proteins
• This blood collecting is for...

  Plasma is for Histology Tests

  Serum is for Chemistry Tests
• What is this formed element?

  lacking nucleilacking nuclei

  completely filled with O2- carrying protein hemoglobin

  the only blood cells whose function does not require them to leave the vasculature

  Erythrocytes
• What are the Human Erythrocytes dimensions?

  7.5 micrometer in diameter

  2.6 micrometer thick at the rim

  0.75 micrometer thick in the center
• These (formed elements) are used by histologists as an internal standard to estimate the size of other nearby cells or structures

  Erythrocytes
• This is a condition of having concentration of erythrocytes below normal range

  Anemia
• The normal concentration of erythrocytes in blood is:

  3.9-5.5 million per microliter in Women

  4.1-6.0 million per microliter in Men
• This is the adherance of RBCs to one another loosely in stacks (coin stacks looking)

  Rouleau
• Because

  Erythrocytes lack nuclei, they cannot replace defective proteins
• The lifespan of Erythrocytes

  120 days
• This is the best-known membrane of any cell

  Erythrocyte Plasmalemma
• Since Erythrocytes lack mitochondria, what does it rely on for minimal energy needs?

  Anaerobic Glycolysis
• Leukocytes are divided into two groups, what are they?

  granulocytes

  agranulocytes
• Leukocytes' shapes are

  spherical while suspended in blood plasma

  amoeboid and motile after leaving the blood tissues and invading the tissues
• Granulocytes have two major types of abundant cytoplasmic granules, those are?

  Lysosomes (Azurophilic granules in blood cells)

  Specific granules (bind neutral, basic, acid stains and have specific functions)
• What are the Granulocytes?

  Neutrophils

  Eosinophils

  Basophils
• What do Granulocytes rely on for energy needs?

  Glycolysis
• This type of granulocyte cytoplasmic granules has a major role in both killing and degrading engulfed microorganisms

  Azurophilic Primary Granules
• Azurophilic Primary Granules contain this,

  It generates hypoclorite and other agents toxic to bacteria

  Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
• Azurophilic Primary Granules contain this,

  it degrades components of bacterial cell walls

  Lysosomes