Ch 3

• Organic compounds: are carbon based molecules
• Carbon: most important element for life
• Organic compound depend on carbon skeleton and functional groups attached to the skeleton
• Organism are composed of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acid
• Dehydration synthesis: removing water creating bigger components
• Hydrolysis: breaking down things using water
• Carbohydrate: source of dietary energy, manufacturing other kinds of organic compounds, in plants serve as building material, sugars and polymers of sugar, monosaccharide, polysaccharide
• Carbs: glucose, sucrose, fructose
• Monosaccharides: simple sugars, glucose and fructose, ringed structured
• Disaccharides: constructed from two monosaccharide, lactose and fructose
• Polysaccharides: complex carbohydrate, made of long chains of monosaccharide, starch, glycogen, cellulose
• Starch: used by plant cells to store energy
• Glycogen: used by animal cells to store energy
• Cellulose: structural support, cannot be broken down by most animals, dietary fiber
• Lipids: very diverse, no specific monomer, does not dissolve in water, includes: fats/oil, steroids, phospholipids
• Hydrophobic: non-polar molecules that does not dissolve in water
• Hydrophilic: molecules that dissolve in water.
• Lipids-saturated fats: single bonds between the carbons
• Lipids-unsaturated fat: one or more double bond exist between the carbon
• Lipids-steroids: rigid structure, cholesterol, key component of cell membranes
• Lipids-phospholipids: composed of hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails
• aquaporin: protein that transports water into the cell
• Intercellular: between the cells:
• Intracellular: within/inside the cell
• Extracellular: outside the cell
• Proteins: very diverse, monomers are amino acids
• Proteins-amino acids: are composed of central carbon atom, an amino groups, carboxyl group
• Proteins as polymers: a slight change in the amino acid sequence can affect a proteins function, lose their shape can be temporary or permanent
• Nucleic acids: store genetic information, provide information for building proteins
• nucleic acid-monomer: nucleotides
• nucleic acid: each nucleotides have 3 parts, five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, organic nitrogen
• Nucleic acid: 5 types of nucleotides, adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine(DNA), uracil(RNA)
• Structure of DNA: two strand of DNA join together - double helix, base pair rules: A only pair with T and G only pairs with C
• Nucleus acids: RNA is similar to DNA except, it has ribose sugar, uses uracil instead of thymine, and it is compromised of only one strand