blood (lab)

• The heart pumps blood throughout the body in a

  network of blood vessels.
• components of the cardiovascular system:

  • blood
  • heart
  • vessels
• The cellular elements or "formed elements" of blood:

  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
• Plasma - It is the extracellular matrix, it makes blood unique among connective tissues because it is fluid.
• The primary function of blood is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to and remove wastes from body cells.
• hematocrit - measures the percentage of RBCs, clinically known as erythrocytes, in a bloodsample.
• buffy coat- pale, thin layer composed of the remaining formed elements of blood
• the buffy coat normally constitutes less than 1 percent of a blood sample
• hematology - the branch of medicine that deals with the study of blood and its components
• hemoglobin - an iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells; responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body
• blood typing - determines the type of antigens present on the surface of red blood cells
• Lymphocyte - type of leukocyte involved in immune response
• Leukocyte - white blood cell
• blood plasma- normally a pale, straw-colored fluid, which constitutes the remainder of

  the sample
• packed cell volume - is the volume of erythrocytes after centrifugation.
• Blood is viscous and somewhat sticky to the touch
• what is the normal temp of blood?

  38 °C
• what is the internal body temperature?

  37 °C
• Blood constitutes approximately 8 percent of adult body weight.
• Adult males typically average about 5 to 6 liters of

  blood.
• Adult females typically average about 4–5 liters of

  blood
• what is the water percentage of plasma?

  92 percent
• Albumin is the most abundant of the plasma proteins.
• albumin are transport vehicles for fatty acids and steroid hormones
• globulins - a heterogeneous group, and the second most common plasma proteins are the
• gamma globulins - are proteins involved in immunity and are better known as antibodies or immunoglobulins.
• Fibrinogen - is the third of the three major groups of plasma proteins, It is essential for blood clotting.
• Phlebotomists are professionals trained to draw blood
• few hours to a few weeks (120 days) -normal lifespan of most erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
• it takes about 4 to 6 weeks to replace the blood cell
• Hematopoiesis- the process by which this replacement of blood (from the Greek root haima- = “blood”; -poiesis = “production”).
• where does hemopoiesis occur?

  - red bone marrow
• extramedullary hemopoiesis -meaning hemopoiesis outside the medullary cavity of adult bones
• totipotent stem cell is the zygote, or fertilized

  egg. (toti- = “all”) it gives rise to all cells of the human body.
• pluripotent stem cell, which gives rise to multiple types of cells of the body and some of the supporting fetal membranes.
• Lymphoid stem cells give rise to a class of leukocytes known as lymphocytes, which include the various T cells,

  B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, all of which function in immunity.
• b cells- when stem cells matures in the bone marrow
• t cells the are called when stem cells matures in the thymus
• Myeloid stem cells give rise to all the other formed elements, including the erythrocytes; megakaryocytes that produce platelets; and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes.
• three forms of granular leukocytes:

  neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils