english

• thesis statement - the main idea or argument presented in an essay
• full length drama- theatrical prodcution that lasts the entire evening, 90 minutes long
• drama- story performed for an audience, also known as play
• playwright- writer of drama. also known as dramatist
• script- written text
• dialogues- words actors speak, included in script
• stage direction- playwright's instruction
• play- literarywork written for theater
• cast of characters- group of people
• setting- when and where
• acts- main part of drama
• scene- smaller section
• dialogue-tells exactly what actors say on stage
• stage direction- tells actors how to act
• Donnalyn Bartolome: 'Why are you feeling sad about going back to work? You should be happy because you have another chance to improve your own life, as well as your family? For me, I prefer working on January 1 since I adhere to the superstitious belief that I'll be working for the whole year anyway. You should be grateful for having work.'
• Argumentation


  Presenting reasons to arrive at a truth that is acceptable to others
• Purpose of argumentation


  To persuade others and to resist being persuaded by others
• Debate


  Formal type of Argumentation
• Debate


  • Has well-defined rules
  • Has two opposing ideas
• Fundamental qualities of a good debater

  • Analyze your subject and determine what it means and all its possible implications
  • Present your case clearly
  • Develop and assume qualities of leadership
  • Think fast and be mentally alert
  • Be a good speaker
• Application of the four macro skills in communication

  1. Reading - Gather more knowledge and concepts

  2. Writing - Craft your speech

  3. Speaking - Present your argument

  4. Listening - Listen to your co-debaters and challenge the argument they made
• Inductive reasoning


  Drawing conclusions from evidence or principles
• Inductive reasoning


  • I never see my friend Marty without a cigarette or a cigar. When we go out, he drinks more than anybody else in our group, often consuming more than six drinks in a single session. If I go by his house on Saturday mornings, he opens the door with a beer in his hand. Besides drinking like a fish, he eats junk food constantly; his car is littered with smelly pizza boxes, hamburger wrappers, and empty soda cans. I think Marty's lifestyle is very unhealthy; he is bound to die prematurely of a heart attack or end up in rehab for his addictions.
• Consider evidence that might disprove your point when using inductive reasoning
• Types of logical fallacies

  • Ad Hominem
  • Strawman Argument
  • Appeal to Ignorance
  • False Dilemma
  • Slippery Slope Fallacy
  • Circular Argument
  • Hasty Generalization
  • Red Herring Fallacy
  • Appeal to Hypocrisy
  • Causal Fallacy
  • Fallacy of Sunk Costs
  • Appeal to Authority
  • Equivocation
  • Appeal to Pity
  • Bandwagon Fallacy
• The example of inductive reasoning given earlier is an example of a hasty generalization
• Red Herring


  • Student: "The opinions of the students are completely ignored in the process of determining both curricular changes and social programs. The students should have a much greater voice in campus governance, because we have a very great stake in this institution, and we think that we have a positive contribution to make."

  Professor: "The faculty are the ones who need a greater voice. Professors can be fired without explanation, and they have no control over who is promoted or given tenure. Their opinions about budgetary allotments are completely ignored. Why aren't you concerned about the injustice the faculty is experiencing?"
• Deductive Reasoning


  General ideas lead to specific conclusions
• Syllogism


  Formal argument, well structured with a major premise, minor premise(s), and conclusion
• Formal debate structure


  1. Opening Statement

  2. Rebuttal

  3. Questions

  4. Closing Statements
• Formal debate structure


  • Opening Statement - At least 3 specific reasons to support your position, at least 3 facts to back up those reasons

  Rebuttal - Respond to at least 2 of the opponents points, refute them

  Questions - 3 questions for the opposition to challenge or clarify their position

  Closing Statements - Reinforce and define the points made in the beginning with evidence, refute anything new the opposition brought up, end with a "clincher" that would sway the reader
• Purpose of debate


  To balance the two propositions

  To learn the pros and cons of a certain proposition