Unit 16

• Modern terrorism is defined as the use of violence or the threat of violence to create fear among people
• Terrorists target ethnic or religious groups, governments, political parties, corporations, and media enterprises
• Terrorist groups are small in size and limited in resources, but through publicity and acts of violence, they appear more powerful
• In the latter half of the 20th century, terrorism multiplied due to extremist political ideologies like Zionism, Islamic Fundamentalism, Marxism, and extreme nationalism
• Technological advances in transportation, communications, microelectronics, and explosives have made international terrorism easier
• In the late 1940s, radical Jewish groups used terrorism to force the British out of Palestine, while Palestinian Arabs used terrorism against the new state of Israel
• Terrorism spread to Western Europe in the 1970s, inspired by Marxist and Communist ideologies, aiming to bring fear and chaos and collapse government institutions
• The Sicilian Mafia conducted terrorist attacks in response to the Italian government's actions against Mafia leaders
• Extreme nationalism in Europe led to the formation of groups like ETA in Spain and the IRA in Northern Ireland, fighting for independence
• American citizens have been targeted by Palestinian terrorists due to their support for Israel, leading to notable acts of terrorism against the US
• Since 2001, the US Government has implemented anti-terrorist legislation to strengthen federal power and enhance security measures against terrorism
• Hamas is a militant Palestinian Islamic movement dedicated to the destruction of Israel and the creation of an Islamic state in Palestine
• Hamas opposes peace accords between Israel and the PLO and has engaged in terrorism, including the use of suicide bombers
• Hezbollah was founded in 1985 in Lebanon, aiming for Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon and the establishment of an Islamic state
• ETA is a Basque separatist organization in Spain that used violent methods to campaign for an independent Basque state
• The IRA, founded in 1919, sought Irish independence from the UK and the unification of Ireland
• The IRA employed guerrilla tactics during the Irish War of Independence and continued its campaign for unification with Northern Ireland
• The IRA ended a cease-fire in 1996 and resumed bomb attacks in England and Northern Ireland
• The IRA is an Irish nationalist organization founded in 1919
• The IRA operates in Northern Ireland and England
• The principal aim of the IRA is the independence and union of Northern Ireland with the Republic of Ireland
• The IRA, founded in 1919 by Irish nationalists, operated in Northern Ireland and England with the goal of independence and union of Northern Ireland with the Republic of Ireland
• Their militant operations included arsons, bombings, kidnappings, and murders
• One of their notable acts was the murder of Lord Mountbatten in 1979
• ETA, founded in 1959
• Al Fatah, founded in 1964
• Hamas, founded in 1987
• Hizbollah
• Al Qaeda, founded in 1988
• Globalisation is the process of transforming local or regional things into global ones
• It involves economic, technological, socio-cultural, and political forces
• The first instance of globalisation in history occurred in the 19th century with the British Empire
• International institutions like the World Bank, IMF, and WTO have helped bring about globalisation
• Advances in technology have facilitated globalisation by reducing trade costs
• Economic globalisation involves the integration of national economies into the international economy through various means
• The world's most globalised countries include Belgium, Austria, Sweden, the UK, and the Netherlands
• Pro-globalists argue that globalisation has led to a drop in poverty rates in countries like China, Brazil, and India
• They believe in the benefits of integrated international economies and foresee political globalisation in the future
• Anti-globalists critique economic globalisation for its damage to the planet, increased poverty, inequality, and erosion of traditional culture
• They argue that globalisation has led to social disintegration, weakening of national governments, and other negative consequences