BIO

• In 1628, William Harvey, an English physician, discovered principles of blood circulation that led to the development of artificial hearts and pacemakers
• Transport in simple animals:

  • Organisms with a two-cell layer covering rely on diffusion for gas exchange and waste removal
  • Simple animals like sponges and cnidarians exchange gases between their body fluids and the environment
  • Roundworms use body fluid for circulation through diffusion
• Motivation for studying transport in animals and plants:

  • Analyzing blood flow patterns can help diagnose cardiovascular issues
  • Understanding drug delivery mechanisms within the body assists in designing better medications
  • Bio-inspired drug delivery systems mimic red blood cells for selective drug delivery
  • Understanding animal movement inspires the development of efficient robots and prosthetics
  • Biomimetics involves simulating nature to solve human problems
  • Self-healing coatings and composites are inspired by nature
• Main types of circulation in animals:

  • Open circulatory system: hemolymph pumped by the heart into cavities for gas exchange
  • Closed circulatory system: blood circulates within vessels away from and back to the heart
• Human Circulatory System:

  • The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body
  • Composed of cardiac muscle and divided into atria and ventricles
  • Blood flow involves valves opening and closing to direct blood through the heart chambers
• Blood:

  • Consists of plasma and blood cells
  • Red blood cells transport oxygen, white blood cells defend against pathogens, platelets aid in clotting
  • Plasma is mostly water with proteins, electrolytes, and other substances
• Blood is composed of water (about 90%) and other substances like:

  • Proteins: albumin (regulates fluid balance), globulins (fight infection), clotting factors (for wound healing)
  • Electrolytes: sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride (maintain electrical balance and cell function)
  • Hormones: chemical messengers for various bodily functions
  • Nutrients: sugars, amino acids, lipids (transported to cells)
  • Waste products: urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide (carried to organs for removal)
• Blood vessels serve as highways through which blood is circulated in the body
• There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries
• Arteries are thick-walled vessels that carry oxygenated blood except the...?
• Capillaries are abundant microscopic blood vessels that carry blood throughout the tissues and organs, connecting the small arteries and veins
• The two main circulations are pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
• Systemic circulation is responsible for distributing oxygenated blood from the heart to all the tissues and organs of the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients, and collecting deoxygenated blood for return to the heart
• Phloem tissues help transport the products of photosynthesis in plants
• Transpiration, osmosis, and diffusion are passive forces that help molecules move in plants
• Veins are thinner vessels compared to arteries and they carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart, except for the...?
• Xylem tissues help transport water and minerals in plants
• Valves, such as tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral or bicuspid, and aortic, prevent the backward flow or regurgitation of blood
• Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs, and back to the heart
• Water potential represents free energy or the potential to do work in plants
• Guttation is the process where ions accumulate in the roots, increasing root pressure and forcing water to move up to the leaves and out through specialized pores
• Translocation is the process that transports food in plants
• The pressure-flow model/hypothesis demonstrates the relevance of turgor pressure on phloem transport in plants