General Biology

• Diploid organism – having two complete set of chromosomes in organism cells
• Allele - variants of genes / flavors of genes
• Gametes – a reproductive cell of an animal or plant
• Homozygous – both alleles are same

  • Homozygous Dominant – AA
  • Homozygous Recessive – aa
• Heterozygous – both alleles are different (ex. Aa)
• Dominant – genes are always expressed
• Recessive – genes which are usually suppressed and expressed only in homozygous form
• Phenotype – externally observable characters, physical traits
• Genotype – genetic make-up, behavior
• Codon - a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a particular amino acid
• Who observed pea plants?

  Gregor Mendel
• Johann Miescher – first discovered the DNA he called it as nuclein
• Rosalind Franklin – used Xray crystallography to see the DNA
• James Watson and Francis Crick – they discovered that DNA is double helix
• Purines – 2 rings
• Pyrimidines – 1 ring
• Chargaff’s Rule

  • Adenine pair with Thymine
  • Guanine pair with Cytosine
  • Their amount in a given DNA molecule will be the same
• Helicase – unzipping the DNA
• Primase enzyme – start the process putting of primer
• DNA polymerase enzyme – bind with the primer and make new strand
• Leading strand – continuous process
• Lagging strand – lagging process
• Okazaki Fragments – small chunk strand
• Exonuclease – responsible to remove the primer
• DNA Ligase enzyme – glueing/ linking the small chunks of strand
• Process of central dogma

  1. DNA will replicate this will be the template of mRNA
  2. mRNA will transcript the DNA template
  3. mRNA will move from nucleus to cytoplasm
  4. mRNA will attach to ribosome
  5. Translating the codes – codon
  6. Codon will translate into proteins
• Length of menstruation cycle is 28 days
• Circulatory system - contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body
• Digestive system – breakdown the food into substances that the body can use for energy, growth, and tissue repair
• Endocrine system – made up of glands that make hormones
• Excretory system – removes excess and waste products from the body to maintain homeostasis
• Integumentary system – body’s outer layer (skin, hair, nails)
• Nervous system – controlling the body (includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves)
• Muscular system – a system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body
• Skeletal system – body’s support, bones, teeth
• Immune system – body’s defense against viruses, white blood cell
• Respiratory system – takes up oxygen from the air we breathe and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide.
• Reproductive system – continuation of the living organisms
• Lymphatic system – part of the immune system, keeps body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections
• 6 processes in digestive system

  • Ingestion
  • Propulsion
  • Physical and Mechanical Digestion
  • Chemical Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation