Transport in Animals

• WHAT IS A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?

  a series of blood vessels with a pump and valves to prevent backflow
• WHAT TYPE OF CIRULATORY SYSTEM DO FISH HAVE?

  single circulatory system
• WHAT IS A SINGLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?

  System with one circuit for blood flow

  HEART ----> GILLS -----> BODY
• WHAT TYPE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DO HUMANS HAVE?

  double circulatory system
• DESCRIBE A DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?

  Blood flows through two circuits

  HEART ----> BODY ----> HEART ----> LUNGS
• ADVANATGE OF DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

  • can maintain high blood pressure
  • increases blood flow speed
  • waste removed more quickly
  • nutrients delivered more quickly
• IDENTIFY STRUCTURE LABELLED BELOW

  do both right and left

  A)

  B)

  C)

  D)

  E)

  F)

  G)

  H)

  I)

  J)

  K)

  
• NAME THIS ARTERY AND ITS PURPOSE?

  Coronary artery - Supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

  
• WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE WALL THAT SEPERATES THE RIGHT AND LEFT SIDE?

  septum
• WHAT MUSCLE IS THE HEART MADE FROM?

  cardiac muscle
• WHY IS THE LEFT WALL THICKER THAN THE RIGHT WALL?

  left ventricle is required to pump blood a further distance around the whole body hence requires the blood to have more pressure
• WHY DO VENTRICLES HAVE THICKER WALLS THAN ATRIA

  The ventricles need to pump blood at a higher pressure to pump it out and round the body and to the lungs whereas the atria only need to pump the blood into the ventricles (a shorter distance) so do not need to generate as high of a pressure
• DIFFERENCE IN FUNCTION BETWEEN VIENS, ARTERIES AND CAPILLARIES

  • arteries- take blood away
  • veins- bring blood into the zero
  • capillaries- flow close to cells for exchange
• WHY IS THE SEPTUM IMPORTANT FOR THE HEART?

  Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
• DESCRIBE BLOOD FLOW IN THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART

  • Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium from the vena cava
  • This blood passes through the right AV valve into the right ventricle
  • The blood is then pumped out of the heart to the lungs through the right SL valve and into the pulmonary artery
• DESCRIBE BLOOD FLOW ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART?

  • Blood enters into the left atrium from the pulmonary vein
  • The blood is then pumped through the left AV valve into the left ventricle
  • The blood is then pumped out through the left SL valve and into the aorta
• 3 WAYS OF MEASURING HEART ACTIVITIES

  1. ECG
  2. pulse rate
  3. listening sound of valves
• EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON HEART RATE

  increases heart rate
• EXPLAIN EFFECT OF EXERCISE OF HEART RATE

  Muscular contraction requires energy from respiration

  More respiration requires more oxygen and more carbon dioxide

  Heart pumps faster to provide more oxygen to the muscles for respiration and to remove the carbon dioxide quickly
• WHAT IS CHD?

  coronary heart disease

  when artery which provides the heart tissues with blood becomes blocked
• 6 COMMON RISKS FOR CHD

  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • genetic predisposition
  • lack of exercise
  • stress
  • poor diet
• LIFESTYLE CHOICES FOR PREVENT CHD

  Exercise regularly

  Control diet
• DRUGS USED TO PREVENT CHD

  ASPIRIN - prevents blood clots from forming in the artery
• SURGICAL PROCEDURES USED TO TREAT CHD

  • stents - small tubes inserted into blood vessels to keep them open
  • angioplasty - a temporary insertion of a small balloon into an artery to keep it open
  • coronary by-pass - a surgical procedure used to divert the flow of blood around a blocked artery
• STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES

  • thick walls made if muscles and elastic issues
  • small lumen to transport blood with high pressure
• DESCRIBE STRUCTURE OF CAPILLARIES

  • thin walls about one cell thick
  • allows easy exchange of substances
• DESCRIBE STRUCTURE OF VIENS

  • less muscle and elastic issue
  • larger lumen to have blood in less pressure
  • have valves to prevent backflow
• VEIN SUPPLYING BLOOD TO LUNGS

  pulmonary artery
• VEIN TAKING BLOOD TO THE LUNGS

  pulmonary vein
• MAIN ARTERY TAKING BLOOD AWAY

  aorta
• MAIN VESSEL TAKING BLOOD TO THE HEART

  VENA CAVA
• MAIN ARTERY TAKING BLOOD TO THE KIDNEY

  renal artery
• MAIN VEIN TAKING BLOOD AWAY FROM KIDNEY

  renal vein
• FOUR COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • plasma
• 2 TYPES OF WBC

  1. lymphocytes
  2. phagocytes
• FUNCTION OF PLATELETS

  Used to form blood clots
• PURPOSE OF BLOOD CLOTTING

  • preventing excess blood loss
  • prevent entry of pathogens
• DESCRIBE PROCESS OF BLOOD CLOTTING

  • When the skin is broken (i.e. there is a wound) platelets arrive to stop the bleeding
  • A series of reactions occur within the blood plasma
  • Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the wound, trapping red blood cells and therefore forming a clot
  • The clot eventually dries and develops into a scab to protect the wound from bacteria entering
• FUNCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS

  transports oxygen to tissues using haemaglobin
• 2 FUNCTION OF WBC

  • producing antibodies
  • phagocytosis( engulfing pathogens)