History (the coming of the Mughals)

• Babur was the founder of the Mughal empire
• Babur was the king of Kabul.
• Past 20 years, Babur had dreamed of conquering Hindustan.
• Babur had inherited the state of Ferghana in Central Asia of his father in 1494 CE.
• Babur's father was Umar Sheikh Mirza.
• Babur was only 12 years old and soon lost his kingdom to his relatives.
• Babur conquered Kabul in 1504 CE, but never regained his ancestral homes ; Ferghana, or Bokhara, or Samarkand.
• When Kabul was taken over, Babur dreamt of victory over Hindustan.
• Babur advanced up to the river Chenab and sent an ambassador to the Lodhi Sultan, demanding the territory.
• Receiving no reply, Babur captured Bhera, Kusha, and the territory near Chenab, and returned to Kabul.
• In 1524 CE, Babur reached Lahore and captured it. Then left it to Alauddin Lodhi to rule as his governor.
• Daulat Khan Lodhi retook Lahore and sent Alauddin Lodhi back to Kabul as a refugee.
• Babur decided to teach Daulat Khan a lesson and set out in 1526 CE to become the emperor of Hindustan.
• Babur took advantage of the condition of the subcontinent.
• The Delhi Sultans had lost their hold on most of northern India except of Delhi, Agra, and the Doab.
• Punjab had become independent under Daulat Khan Lodhi.
• Sindh, Multan, Jaunpur, Bengal, and Orissa had also become independent kingdoms.
• Ibrahim Lodhi was the ruler of Delhi and Agra.
• Threatened by Ibrahim Lodhi, Daulat Khan sent envoys (representatives) to Babur inviting his help.
• Rana Sanga of Mewar was a powerful Rajput ruler.
• Rana Sanga favoured the invasion (capture) by Babur because he thought that being a descendent (successor) of Timur, would defeat the Lodhis , plunder, and return to Kabul. Rana Sanga would then take the throne (royal seat) of Delhi and Agra. But they were all proved wrong.
• Babur organized his army in late 1526 CE, and decided to descend from the heights of the Afghan mountains and conquer the plains of Hindustan.
• 2 years earlier, Babur had already conquered the Punjab and appointed a governor who was challenged by Daulat Khan Lodhi.
• Ibrahim Lodhi had gathered a large force of men and elephants to face Babur's forces.
• The First Battle of Panipat was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi in 1526 CE. It was 21 April 1526 CE.
• Babur 's 10,000 troops, mostly of Chagatai Turks, aided by cannon , lined up on the plain of Panipat just to the north and west of Delhi.
• The battle started at sun rise.
• Babur was a great military leader.
• Babur arranged his men, cannons, and cavalry in such a way that by midday, Babur won the battle and took the throne of Hindustan.
• Delhi and Agra were then in Babur's hands.
• Khutba was read in the name of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur.
• Ibrahim Lodhi was the Afghan noble.
• Enemy that challenged Babur's power while strengthening his empire was Rana Sanga
• consolidate means strengthen
• Rana Sanga surrounded Babur's troops with his larger force
• The Battle of Kanwaha was fought between Babur and Rana Sanga on 16 March 1527 CE.
• Battle of Kanwaha proved victorious for Babur and Rana Sanga never challenged him again.
• Mahmud Lodhi was Ibrahim Lodhi's brother.
• The Battle of Chaunsa was fought between Babur and Mahmud Lodhi in 1529 CE.
• Mahmud Lodhi gathered an Afghan and Bengali army and attacked Babur's force.