Module 1 Toxicology Lec Personalities

• Shen Nung


  Founder of Chinese herbal medicine

  - Considered as the Farmer god

  - Tasted plants everyday
• Shen nung


  Authorof the worlds first pharmacological compendium, Materiia Medica Classic by the Divine farmer
• Sushruta


  The author of the Sushruta Samhita, considered to be the second most important text in Ayurveda, which is well known for its expositions on surgery
• Cleopatra


  An Egyptian pharaoh

  - Died to the deadly bite of the cobra (asp) while cradling it against her breast
• Mithridates IV


  Ruler of the kingdom of Pontus

  Ingested small amounts of poisons in order to develop immunity

  Aimed to develop a universal antidote
• Theriac


  A universal antidote that mithridates IV aimed to create
• Mithridatum


  Mithridates famed formula of alleged panantidotal powers
• Nicander of Colophon


  Greek poet, physician, and librarian. wrote "Theriaka," and "Alexipharmaka." His works mention herbs, drugs, things from animals, and snake bites. Works show a lot of detail even though they mostly are not correct, based on knowledge he had access to at the library.
• Theriaka


  The work of Nicander that listed 15 snakes, the signs of poisoning in people, and the treatment
• Alexipharmaka


  Writing of Nicander that addressed 21 toxin found in plants minerals, and kingdoms of animals
• Socrates


  Greek philosopher

  - Corrupted the youth of Athens and disregarded the gods

  - Ordered to consume an extract of the deadly herb Hemlock as his death penalty
• Hemlock


  Plant used in the death penalty of socrates
• Alexander the great


  Consumed enormous amounts of wine which led to his death weeks later
• Dioscorides


  Accompanied Emperor Nero's army on its travel around the roman empire

  - Created De materia medica
• Galen


  He was Marcus Aurelius court physician

  - Wrote De Antidotis I and II and De Theriaca adPisonem

  - Created his own remedy, Galeni theriaca
• Locusta


  Professional poisoner of Emperor Nero

  - Requested by ruler Claudius's wife Agrippina to assassinate him in order for Agrippina's son Nero to succeed as the next Roman Ruler.
• Nero


  Granted Locusta a pardon for all of her previous crimes, enabling her to create a school to instruct others in her craft
• Sulla


  First to implement legal framework of toxicology

  - Enacted the lex Cornelia desicariis et veneficis
• Venetian Council of Ten


  Venice's ruling authority from around 1310 to 1797

  - Perfomed poison executions including, Mehmed II, the Ottoman Empire's Sultan
• Catherine de Medici


  Involved in the Affair of Poison

  - Employed poison as a political weapon
• The borigas


  Italian family originally from Spain

  - Accused of a number of horrible crimes including poisoning

  - Their unjustified reputation originates from tales
• Catherine Deshayes


  Aka La Voisin

  - Played a significant role in the french "Affair of the Poisons"

  - Supplied poisons for political reasons
• Giulia Tofana


  Italian lady that manufactured and distributed poison, especially to women trying to get out of violent marriage

  - Created Acqua Tufania
• Aqua Tofana


  Became an almost generic name for extremely powerful poisons
• Moises Maimonides

  Jewish physician and philosopher who authoredTreatise on Poisons and their Antidoes- Distinguished poisons ashotandcold
• Avcenna


  Persian polymath that authoredThe Cannon of Medicine
• The cannon of medicine


  Authored by Avicenna, it contained comprehensivvve descriptions of oleander venoms and other toxins, including opioids
• Georgius Agricola


  Father of mineralogy

  - He authored De Re Metallica
• Paracelsus


  Alchemist and Physician of Swiss-German Descent

  - Popularized the idea that " the dose makes the poison"
• Jan Baptist Van Helmont


  A disciple of Paracelsus

  -Focused on gases and their effects

  - Used bible and medical alchemical beliefs as his basis
• Pietro d'Abano


  Italian Philosopher and physician- Wrote on poisons and antidotes in his workConciliator
• Girolamo Cardano


  A Paduan Polymath

  - He provided a thorough examination of the connection between poison and putrefaction
• Gerolamo Mercuriale


  An Italian physician that wrote on the impact of environmental variables on health and occupational disorders
• Andrea Bacci


  Opposed the idea of a global definition of poisoned

  - Said that poisons are similar to other natural substances
• Richard Mead


  Author of " A Mechanical Account of Poisons in Several Essay".

  The first English-Langauage work devoted only to poisons.

  Examined venom delivery systems
• Bernardino Ramazzini


  Italian Physician that is quoted as theFather of Occupational Medicine- He wrote "De Morbis Artificum Diatriba" (Disease of workers)
• Percivall Pott


  Published Chirugical Observations Relative to cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, and the Cancer of the Scrotum.He noticed high scrotal cancer incidence connected to coal tar and soot exposure
• Karl Wilhelm Scheele


  Swedish scientist that made various poisonous material identification and isolations, such ashydrogen cyanide, hydrogen fluoride, and compounds containing arsenic
• Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemman


  Credited for creating homeopathyPopularized the notion of "Like curse like"-Created test for arsenic oxide
• Johan David Metzger and Valentine Rose


  They discovered the first methhods for detecting elemental arsenic and arsenic oxides in fluids and tissues