BIOCHEM LAB

• acid


  donates proton, accepts electron
• base


  accepts proton, donates electron
• common acids

  • milk
  • fruits
  • vegetables
  • urine
• common base 


  cleaning agents
• pH equation


  -log [ H+ ]
• buffer system that maintains blood pH

  bicarbonate buffer system
• buffer solutions


  resist changes in ph
• conjugates in buffer


  gives buffer resistance to change pH
• examples of buffers

  • tris
  • bicarbonate
  • phosphate
• strong acid

  HCl acid
• strong base

  NaOH
• Application of buffer

  • for enzymes to function
  • color conc. of due
  • calibration of pH
• BUffer capacity


  mount of buffer solution can take
• normal blood pH

  7.4
• human body's buffer systems

  • carbonates
  • phosphates
  • proteins
• carbonates

  most important, carbonic acid & bicarbonate ion
• phosphate


  2nd most important, sodium hydrogen & sodium dihydrogen
• protein


  made up of amino acids, pos amino acid, negative carboxyl groups
• hemoglobin


  principle protein in RBC
• normal arterial blood pH

  7.35 - 7.45
• acidosis


  overproduction of acids
• metabolic acidosis


  loss of bicarbonate
• respiratory acidosis


  buildup of CO2 , depressed breathing
• alkalosis


  excess blood alkanility
• metabolic alkalosis


  loss of acid from blood
• respiratory alkalosis

  low level of CO2, rapid breathing
• ph of solution is dependent in temperature
• buffer is most effective when conjugate base is equal to weak acid
• cell


  structural and functional unit of living organism
• prokaryotic


  unicellular, do not develop, lack nucleus
• eukaryotic


  has nucleus
• phosphate head (cell membrane)


  polar, hydrophilic
• tail (cell membrane)


  hydrophobic, non-polar
• active transport


  requires energy, low to high, uphill
• passive transport


  no energy, high to low, downhill
• passive transport

  • simple diffusion
  • osmosis
  • facilitated diffusion
• osmosis


  diffusion of water
• facilitated diffusion


  use of transport proteins
• active transport

  • sodium potassium pump
  • exocytosis
  • endocytosis
• alkali when heated will liberate aldehyde and liberated aldehyde forms caramel