CC18_1

• What is Privacy?


  • Right to be secure from unauthorized disclosure.• Control over personal information and exposure.• Right to be "left alone."• Freedom from observation or disturbance.• Ability to seclude and selectively reveal information.
• Types of Privacy

  1. Physical – preventing “intrusions into one’s physical space or solitude.”
• Types of Privacy

  2. Informational – is the combination of communicationsprivacy (the ability to communicate with others withoutthose communications being monitored by other personsor organizations) and data privacy (the ability to limitaccess to one’s personal data by other individuals andorganizations in order to exercise a substantial degree ofcontrol over that data and its use)
• Types of PRIVACY

  3. Organizational – Governments agencies, corporations, and other organizations may desire to keep their activities or secrets from being revealed to other organizations or individuals.
• What is SECURITY?

  • Refers to how your personal information is protected.

  • The state of being free from danger or threat.

  • Safety; measure taken to be safe or protected

  • Protecting important data, confidential information, networks, software, equipment, facilities, company's assets, and personnel is what physical security is about.
• Security and Privacy

  Data communication capabilities provides new challenges:

  1. Keep data secure

  • Destruction

  • Accidental damage

  • Theft

  • Espionage

  2. Keep data private

  • Salaries

  • Medical information

  • Social security numbers

  • Bank balances
• Security: Safeguards Systems

  System of safeguard designed to protect a computer system and data from deliberate or accidental damage

  • Natural Disasters

  • Fire

  • Accidents

  • Vandalism

  • Theft or destruction of data

  • Industrial espionage

  • Hackers
• Identification and Access

  • Provide access to authorized individuals only

  • Uses one or more of the following systems:

  • What you have

  • What you know

  • What you do

  • What you are
• Identification and Access

  • Internal controls – transaction logs

  • Secured waste – shredders, locked trash barrels

  • Applicant screening – verify the facts on a resume, background checks

  • Built-in software protection – record unauthorized access attempts; user profile
• Security: The Internet

  • Firewall – device that governs interaction between internal network and the internet; NGFW, IPS/IDS, AMP, VPN

  • Encryption – DES, 3DES, AES, IDEA

  • Whitelisting/Blacklisting of websites

  • Use of TOR
• Security: Personal Computers

  • Physical security with locks and cables

  • Surge protector

  • UPS

  • Back-up files regularly and systematically
• Disaster Recovery

  An area of security planning that aims to protect an organization from the effects of significant negative events. DR allows an organization to maintain or quickly resume mission-critical functions following a disaster.

  • Hardware Loss: Can be replaced and temporarily diminished processing ability.

  • Software Loss: Industry standard to make backups of program files

  • Data Loss: reassemble records
• Disaster Recovery includes:

  • Priorities for programs

  • Plans for notifying employees

  • List of needed equipment and where it is located

  • Alternative computing facilities

  • Procedures for handling input and output data

  • Emergency drills
• Science – systematic study or a system of scientificconclusions clearly demonstrated, derived from clearlyestablished principles and duly coordinated.
• Value System – the complex scheme of moral values bywhich one chooses to live.
• Vices – habits that inclines us to do what is unacceptable.
• Virtues – habits that inclines us to do what is acceptable.
• Human Acts – acts done with knowledge and consent.
• Morality – the quality of right or wrong in human acts
• Ethics and Logic

  • LOGIC – is the science of right thinking.

  • ETHICS is the science of right living.

  
  

  Both ethics and logic aim to rectitude: the former aims to at right doing; the latter, at the right thinking.
• Ethics and Psychology

  • PSYCHOLOGY – studies how man behaves.

  • ETHICS – studies how man ought to behave.

  Both deal with the study of man, human nature, and human behavior.
• Ethics and Sociology

  • SOCIOLOGY includes the social order.

  • ETHICS deal with the moral order.

  
  

  “Whatever does violence to the social order does violence also the natural and the moral order.”
• Ethics and Art

  • ART stands for beauty

  • ETHICS stands for moral goodness.

  “But as transcendental, the beautiful and the good are ONE. Evil always implies ugliness or defects and the good is always beautiful since is it the very object of desire and therefore, like beauty, pleases when perceived.”
• Ethics and Politics

  • Politics aim at good government for the temporal welfare of the citizens.

  • Politics has often become very dirty and the reason is precisely because it is divorced from ethics.
• Ethics and Education

  • Education develops the whole man; his moral, intellectual and physical capacities. All should develop good moral character, personal discipline, civic consciousness, etc.
• Morality and Law – morality and law are intimately related. Right and wrong, good and bad in human actions presuppose a law or rule of conduct.

  • The legal only covers the external acts of man;

  • The moral governs even the internal acts of man such as: volitional and the intentional activities of the will and mind.
• Ethics and Religion – the closest phase of life related to ethics.

  • Both of these are based on the following postulates:

  • The existence of the Creator

  • Freedom of the will in man

  • Immorality
• Ethics and Religion

  • Both have the same end – the attainment of man’s supreme purpose of man’s ultimate end.

  • Both prescribe the same means for attaining the goal of man: Right Living

  
  

  “Some would divorce morality from religion, but religion is the root without which the plant of morality will die.”
• Importance of Ethics

  • Moral integrity is the only true measure of what man ought to be.

  • Morality is the foundation of every human society.

  Every culture admits the importance of morality as a standard of behavior.
• Importance of Integrity

  • Integrity is a cornerstone of ethical behavior.

  • People with integrity:

  • Act in accordance with a personal code of principles.

  • Extend to all people the same respect and consideration that you desire.

  • Apply the same moral standards in all situations.
• ETHICAL DECISION MAKING

  1. Identify the ethical questions or scenario.

  2. Determine the facts in the case.

  3. Determine what values are at stake from the perspective of all stakeholders.

  4. Identify the available options in the case.

  5. Determine what you should do.

  6. Justify your choice.

  7. Explore how this ethical problem might have been prevented.
• Modifiers of Human Act

  Definition

  • Things that may affect human acts in the essential qualities of knowledge, freedom, voluntariness, and so make them less perfectly human.

  • Factors that influence man’s inner disposition towards certain actions.

  • They affect the mental or emotional state of a person to the extent that the voluntariness involved in an act is either increased or decreased.
• Ignorance

  • Absence of intellectual knowledge which a person ought to possess. In the realm of morals, everyone of age and reason is expected to know at least the general norms of good behavior.

  a.Vincible Ignorance (“conquerable”) – can easily bere minded through ordinary diligence and reasonable efforts.

  **Affected Ignorance – category of vincible ignorance in which a person keeps by positive efforts in order to escape responsibility or blame. Intentionally and willingfully maintaining ignorance.1. Ignorance
• b. Invincible Ignorance (“unconquerable”) – type which a person possess without being aware of it, or having awareness of it, lacks the means to rectify it.

  ex. A person acts without realizing certain facts.
• 2. Passions/Concupiscence

  • Either tendencies towards desirable objects, or tendencies away from undesirable or harmful things.

  • The former are called positive emotions; the latter, negative emotions.

  
  

  • Positive emotions – love, desire, delight, hope, bravery,

  
  

  • Negative emotions – hatred, horror, sadness, despair, fear, anger
• 3. Fear

  • Shrinking back of the mind from danger. It is the agitation of mind brought about by the apprehension of impending evil.

  • Distinction is made between an act done with fear and anact done out of or because of fear.
• 3. Fear

  Acts done with fear

  -Embarking on a long journey.

  -Being left alone in a strange place.

  -Being asked to speak before a group of people.

  Acts done out of fear

  -Child reads his book out of fear of the mother.

  -Employee volunteers to work overtime out of fear of being fired by the boss.

  -Friend stops smoking out of fear of contracting cancer
• 4. Habit

  • Lasting readiness and facility born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain manner.

  • Habits are acquired inclinations towards something to be done.

  • They assume the role of a second nature, moving one who has them to perform certain acts with relative ease.
• 5. Violence

  • External force applied by a free cause for the purpose of compelling a person to perform an act which is against his will.

  • Any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling said person to act against his will.

  • Bodily torture, maltreatment, isolation, and mutilation- are examples of violence against persons.
• Ethics vs. Law

  • LAW – a systematic body of rules that governs the whole society and the actions of its individual members .

  • ETHICS – a branch of moral philosophy that guides people about the basic human conduct.