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• Guidance is based on a philosophy of human uniqueness, goodness, worth, and dignity that can be nurtured
• The focus of guidance is on the individual, not the problem, aiming to promote self-direction and growth
• Guidance involves assistance from qualified individuals to help manage one's life, activities, point of view, and decision-making
• Guidance is a continuous process that aims to educate individuals, help them understand themselves, and use their capacities effectively
• The aims and purposes of guidance include providing information, assisting in wise decision-making, improving self-understanding, and facilitating adjustment
• Educational Guidance focuses on helping students with school-related issues and tasks
• Vocational Guidance assists individuals in choosing occupations and planning their careers
• Personal Guidance helps individuals overcome social, mental, moral, health, and ethical problems
• Recreational Guidance involves a variety of physical activities for individuals
• Civic Guidance helps individuals choose, prepare for, enter, and progress in activities suited to their interests and aptitudes
• Social and Moral Guidance assists individuals in achieving desirable vocational results along with social goals
• Leadership Guidance aims to help individuals become effective leaders
• The Principles of Guidance include principles of all-round development, human uniqueness, holistic development, cooperation, continuity, and adjustment
• Other principles of guidance are extension, elaboration, individual needs, expert opinion, evaluation, responsibility, and periodic appraisal
• Guidance principles include the principle of periodic appraisal, which involves making periodic appraisals of the existing school program for necessary improvements
• Application of Guidance Principles:

  • Educational Needs:
  • Expanding educational objectives
  • Solution of educational objectives
  • Solving discipline problems
  • Vocational Needs:
  • Vocationalization of education and guidance
  • Guidance as an instrument of national development
  • Expanding complexity of the world of work
  • Increasing need for manpower planning and utilization
  • Occupational awareness
  • Changes in the condition of industry and labor
  • Personal/Psychological Needs:
  • Guidance as the basic need of man
  • Educational and social aspirations
  • Psychological problems
  • Social Needs:
  • Complex nature of society
  • Changed family contexts
  • Population explosion and expansion in human resources
  • Political change and extension of democracy
  • Change in the concept of education
• Goals of Guidance:

  • Exploring self
  • Determining values
  • Setting goals
  • Improving efficiency
  • Building relationships
  • Accepting responsibility for the future
  • Relief from suffering
  • Changes in thoughts and self-perceptions
• Comprehensive Career Guidance Program:

  • Provides structure for all related activities and services
  • Required for serving students, teachers, parents, school administration, and the community effectively
• Four Components of a Comprehensive School Counseling Program:

  • Developmental School Counseling Program:
  • Responds to the developmental needs of all students
  • Anticipates and fulfills academic, career, and personal/social needs
  • Benefits for Students:
  • Promotes career exploration and development
  • Develops decision-making skills
  • Increases self-knowledge and knowledge of the world
  • Enhances counselor-student interaction
• Prevention vs. Intervention:

  • Prevention: corrective action before behavior is exhibited
  • Intervention: corrective action during behavior
  • Approach depends on students' behavior
  • Prevention is more generalized, intervention is more individualized
• Guidance Services:

  • Nature and Scope:
  • Specialized services in school environment
  • Promotes student development and adjustment
  • Factors leading to development:
  • Less selective secondary schools
  • Recognition of individual differences
  • Rise of industrialism
  • Changes in educational objectives
• Characteristics and Purposes of Guidance Services:

  • Integral part of the school system
  • Organized with structure, system, and personnel
  • Preventive in nature
  • Promotes educational objectives
  • Focuses on the individual/student
  • Constant evaluation
• Purposes of Guidance Services:

  • Help students recognize, accept, and develop themselves
  • Teach adjustment to school
  • Develop coping skills for problems inside and outside school
• Kinds of Guidance Services:

  • Information Services:
  • Delivery of information to guide choices and actions
  • Occupational Information:
  • Understanding the world of work and attitudes towards occupations
  • Educational Information:
  • Data about educational requirements and patterns
  • Personal-Social Information:
  • Data about human influences for self-understanding and relationships
• Individual Inventory Services:

  • Accumulating and analyzing information about an individual
  • Helps individuals discover themselves and their capacities
• Placement Services:

  • Assists students in securing employment
  • Includes educational and vocational placement
• Career and Vocational Guidance involves helping individuals choose a job and address job-related issues
• Tests used for potentialities include:

  • Differential Aptitudes tests
  • Intelligence tests and Aptitudes tests
  • Personality and Interest Inventories
  • Achievement and Scholastic Aptitude tests
• Counseling Services:

  • Core of the guidance program
  • Intervention leading to more effective behavior
  • Enables reorganization of thoughts, feelings, and actions
• Forms of Counseling Services:

  1. Group Counseling

  • Aimed at assisting each individual member of the group

  2. Individual Counseling

  • Focuses on one individual's studies, play, or behavior in a group
  • Includes consultation, voluntary/walk-in counseling, referral counseling
• Types of Counseling:

  1. Directive Counseling

  • Counselor-centered and problem-centered

  2. Non-Directive Counseling

  • Client-centered, allowing the client to use their potentialities fully

  3. Eclectic Counseling

  • Combination of directive and non-directive approaches
  • Aims to help the individual become responsible and dynamic

  4. Multiple Counseling

  • Involves more than one counselor handling an individual, couple, or group
  • Provides different perspectives and options for problem resolution
• Follow-up Services:

  • Focuses on pupils/students while in school or after leaving
  • Helps determine progress and effectiveness of instruction
  • Involves case studies, progress assessment, and follow-up of graduates and dropouts
• Assessment and Appraisal:

  • Assessment gathers data for student appraisal
  • Appraisal involves measuring student attributes and making professional judgments
  • Uses data for informed judgments, planning programs, and counseling sessions
• Referral:

  • Assistance in obtaining services from other people or agencies
  • Circumstances for referral include counselor-client relationship issues, competency, and specialized attention
• Procedures in Guidance Services:

  • Information services include tallies, surveys, observations, interviews, and existing data sources
• Facilitating Conditions for Effective Counseling:

  • Psychological climate includes establishing rapport, empathy, acceptance, structuring, listening, and helping behavior
  • Basic skills include attending, listening, questioning, and reflecting