Applied Anatomy and Physiology

• What are the different types of bone?

  long, short and flat
• What is the job of a tendon?

  Connects muscle to bone
• what is the job of a ligament?

  to connect bone to bone
• What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

  Support, shape, protection, movement, mineral storage, production of blood cells
• What is the job of cartilage?

  Covers the end of each bone at a joint to stop the bones rubbing against eachother
• what is the job of the joint capsule?

  to surround and stabilise the joint
• what is the job of the synovial membrane?

  to produce synovial fluid
• what does synovial fluid do?

  Lubricates joints
• what is the job of the bursae?

  they reduce friction and cushion the joint
• what type of movements can occur at a hinge joint?

  Flexion and extension.
• what type of movement can occur at the ankle?

  Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
• what movements can occur at a ball and socket joint?

  extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
• where are the two ball and socket joints in the human body?

  Shoulder and hip
• what is the job of the agonist?

  to pull on the bone and create movement
• what is the job of the antagonist?

  to relax and support the joint when moving
• what are the three types of contraction?

  concentric, eccentric, isometric
• what is a concentric contraction?

  when the muscle contacts while shortening
• what is an eccentric contraction?

  when the muscle contracts while lengthening
• what is an isometric contration?

  when the muscle remains the same length while contracting
• What adaptations do. The lungs have for gaseous exchange?

  Contain alveoli

  good blood supply

  large surface area
• by what process does oxygen in the alveoli enter the blood stream?

  Diffusion
• what is the definition of diffusion?

  moving from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
• what do red blood cells have that oxygen binds to?

  haemoglobin
• what are the three type of blood vessel?

  arteries, capillaries, veins
• what adaptations do arteries have?

  thick muscular walls

  small lumen
• what is vasoconstriction?

  Narrowing of blood vessels.
• what is vasodilation?

  Widening of blood vessels.
• what adaptations do veins have?

  large lumen

  thin walls

  valves
• what adaptations do capillaries have?

  very small - can only let 1 blood cell through at a time

  1 cell thick
• are ventricles or atria bigger?

  ventricles - they need to pump blood to the rest of the body
• what is systole?

  when the heart contracts and pumps out blood
• what is diastole?

  when the heart relaxes and fills with blood
• what is heart rate?

  Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute.
• what is stroke volume?


  The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction.
• what is cardiac output?

  The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
• how to calculate cardiac output?

  Stroke volume x heart rate
• what two muscles contract when breathing in?

  Diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
• what happens to the diaphragm and intercostals when breathing out?

  Relax
• what is tidal volume?

  The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
• what is expiratory reserve volume?

  Additional air exhaled forcefully after a normal exhalation.