Exam 2

• Lymphocytes: fight viruses, infections, and cancer
• Monocytes & polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes: non-specificimmunity
• Psychoneuroimmunology: study of the relationship between psychological, neurological, and immunological systems that alter our susceptibility and ability to recover from illness/disease.
• Primary appraisal: categorize events/stimuli based on significancefor well-being• Irrelevant, positive/benign, stressful
• Secondary appraisal: Can I cope with the issue?• Do I have options? Will they reduce my stress?
• Reappraisal: making a new primary or secondary appraisal in light ofnew information.• May increase or decrease our stress
• Compression of morbidity: postponement of first disability, so time between first disability and death is compressed into a shorter amount of time.
• (model of disability) Extraindividual- environmental & healthcare changes
• (Model of diability) Intraindividual- behavioral & personality characteristics
• Extraindividual and intraindividual factors- help mitigate effects of disability or disease
• Loss of functional abilities follows a hierarchy of loss: strength,balance, coordination, and manual dexterity.
• Sarcopenia- age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.
• Frailty: Those who have physical disabilities, are very ill, or havecognitive or psychological disorders that make help with everydaytasks necessary.
• activities of Daily Living : basic self-care tasks
• Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs): require more intellectual competence to complete.• Shopping, paying bills, taking meds, etc
• Environmental press: physical, interpersonal, or social demands of the environment.
• Adaptation level: press is average for competence.
• Zone of maximum performance potential: slight increases in press that increase performance
• Zone of maximum comfort: slight decreases in press  happy and noenvironmental demands• Adaptive behavior & positive emotions!
• Proactivity: new behaviors to meet demands/needs.
• Docility: situation dictates the options one has (little control)
• Preventative & Corrective Proactivity Model: Model shows that life stressors and poor person-environment interactions ->poor life outcomes.
• Preventative: actions that avoid stressors and increase socialresources• Joining clubs around town
• Corrective: actions in response to stressors• Taking medications or exercising in response to a health scare
• Ecology of aging : examines relationship between older adults and the environments that they live in
• Congregate Housing Provides some support (e.g., meals)• Generally does not provide 24 hour medical care• Least expensive option for care.
• Intensive skilled nursing- for complicated medical procedures
• Skilled nursing and rehabilitation- often used in recovery period
• Intermediate care- less intense supervision; includes medical monitoring
• Custodial care- help with ADLs and non-medical services
• Person-Centered Approach to Care Emphasizes well-being, allowing residents to make some decisions
• Patronizing speech- based on stereotypes of incompetence and dependence.• Exaggerated tones, higher pitches, louder, repetition, simplified vocab andgrammar; use of closed-end questions• “It is good juice, isn’t it?” or “It was hard keeping up with him, right?”
• Infantilization or elderspeak (secondary baby talk)- unwarranted use of aperson’s first name, terms of endearment, simplified expressions, shortimperatives, assumption that person has little or no memory.• “Have you had breakfast yet, dear” or “Right here, sweetie.”
• MESSAGE communication strategies. 1. MAXIMIZE attention. 2. EXPRESSION and body language. 3. keep it SIMPLE. 4. SUPPORT their convo. 5. ASSIST w/ visual aids. 6. GET their message. 7. ENCOURAGE and ENGAGE in communication
• Montessori Activities:• People learn best at a level just above what they can do independently.• Activities that involve the senses, strengthen abilities retained, improve affectand engagement
• Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)- facilities receiving funding must comply with requirements regarding advance care planning
• The Eden Alternative • Emphasizes social contact, spontaneity of interactions, human growth.• Positive outcomes: resident-directed care; staff empowerment
• Green House Project • Home-like environments rather than large facilities, helping with everyday chores.• Better overall health and less costly, but more skilled staff needed
• The Pioneer Network •Providing maximum level of support; make nursing homes feel more like a home• More client-centered
• Information processing model: 1. Active participation in process 2. Examines qualitative (kinds)and quantitative (how much) aspects of performance 3. Information processed through a series of processes.