My notes

• History of Africa marked by state formation and the expansion of trade and Islamic religion

  16th-19th centuries
• Nubian Christian kingdoms of Alwa and Makuria


  Annexed by the Egyptian Mamluks in 1275
• Expansion of various Arab clans and Islam into Nubia since the beginning of the 14th century


  Resulted in the supremacy of Arabs in Nubia
• Funj


  Cattle keeping pastoral people who practiced indigenous religion
• The origin of the Funj is still controversial
• The Funj quickly converted to Islam in Nubia
• The Funj established the Funj Sultanate with its center at Sennar


  1504
• Abdallabi


  A competing Arab state that arose in Nubia alongside the Funj
• Abdallabi fought against the Funj

  For grazing rights in southern Gezira as well as Nubia's political supremacy
• Amara Dunqas


  A renowned chief of Funj who fought many battles against the Abdallabi state for supremacy in Nubia
• The Funj emerged victorious and ruled Nubia with the help of Abdallabi Arabs
• Funj period


  • Territorial expansion into Nilotic Sudan
  • Islamization
• The Arab clans intermarried with local Nubians and became Africanized culturally