Bio Exam 2\

• Prokaryotes


  -thrive almost everywhere

  -unicellular

  -include bacteria and archaea
• Domain Bacteria


  Gram negative: proteobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes, cyanobacteria
• SAR

  stramenopiles- hairy/smooth flagella

  alveolates- include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and cilates

  rhizarians- amoeba-like
• excavata


  -diplomonads

  -parabasalids

  -euglenozoans
• archaeplastida

  -red algae

  -green algae

  -plants (not a protist)
• unikonta


  -amoebozoans

  -opisthokonts (humans/fungi are in this) + choanoflagellates
• embryophytes


  land plants, left aquatic habitats originally due to more resources. multicellular gametangia
• generalized plant life cycle

  
• spore


  created by meiosis, usually haploid.
• sporophyte


  diploid, created by a zygote that has undergone mitosis. dominant in seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms
• gametophyte


  haploid, dominant in mosses/bryophytes
• seedless vascular plant life cycle

  
• bryophyte life cycle

  -sperm must swim

  -dominated by gametophyte

  -no true roots/leaves

  
• peristome


  produces spores in bryophytes
• archegonium


  female reproductive part of bryophytes
• heterosporous spore production


  -involves male/female gametophytes producing sperm/egg
• homosporous spore production

  sporangium produces both egg/sperm
• life cycle of a gymnosperm

  
• life cycle of an angiosperm

  
• microspore


  male gamete
• megaspore


  female gamete
• gymnosperm phyla

  -cycads

  -ginkgophyta

  -gretophyta

  -conifers
• monocot


  -one coty

  -scattered vasc tissue

  -fibrous roots

  -floral organs x3
• dicot/eudicot


  -two coty

  -ringed vasc tissue

  -taproot

  -floral organs x4-5
• double fertilization

  2 sperm fertilizes haploid egg AND central cell/endosperm (becomes triploid)

  specific to angiosperms, and helps with energy conservation
• ovary


  becomes a fruit
• ovule


  becomes a seed
• pollination


  when pollen grain is transferred from anther->stigma
• bats/moths

  nocturnal pollinators, attracted to white flowers
• hummingbirds


  attracted to red/orange flowers
• bees


  attracted to yellow/blue, and uv colors
• butterflies


  attracted to red, purple, and yellow flowers
• flies


  attracted to rotting smell, browns, and yellow
• fungi


  -within the opisthokont clade

  -decomposers, parasites, or mutualists
• mycorrhizzal fungi


  mutualist fungi, grows inside plants, can be ecto- (outside of plant root cells), or endo (inside of root cells)
• hyphae


  reproductive structure of fungi

  makes mycelium

  increases surface area & supports heterotrophy
• heterokaryote


  two distinct nuclei, occurs after plasmogamy, and karyogamy
• fungi life cycle

  
• ascomycota


  fungal phylum-sexual spores contained in sacs, produce asexual spores
• basidiomycota


  fungal phylum- elaborate fruiting body that product sexual spores