Cellular Respiration

• Fermentation is an anaerobic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen and converts pyruvate into either lactic acid or ethanol.
• ATP has three phosphates and can be ADP if it has two phosphates.
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen
• During Glycolysis, glucose is converted into a more usable form called pyruvate (takes little ATP to start this process) and overall produce 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2NADH during this process
• The pyruvate then gets transported into the mitocondria (mitochondrial matrix) and the pyruvate gets oxidized and coverts into 2 acetyl CoA. During this intermediate step, CO2 is released and 2 NADH are produced
• The Kreb cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and is a aerobic process
• During the Kreb cycle, it uses acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate through 8 chemical reactions to produce 4CO2, 6NADH, 2ATP and 2 FADH2
• NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers/bises that are used to transport electrons to the electron transport chain so that they can be used to generate more ATP
• In the electron transport chain, the electrons are used to generate a proton gradient as they are pumped into the inter-membrane space through ATP synthase. This process produces the most ATP through the synthase, protons are spun through and produce ATP.
• O2 is the final acceptor (last molecule to accept electron) and when 2 hydrogen combine with 02, it produces H20 (water). Therefore without oxygen, the electron transport chain would stop.
• LEO= lose electrons-oxidized | GER=gain electrons-reduced
• Turns back into oxaloacetate for the kreb cycle to continue.
• Fermentation needs NADH to continue glycolysis and adds a step to regenerate NAD+ (allows NADH to give electrons to an electron acceptor such as a derivative of pyruvate)
• Method 1 of Fermentation: alcoholic fermentation (yeasts) where 2 pyruvate will produce CO2 and 2 ethanol (alcohol) and a derivative of pyruvate to act as an acceptor so 2 NADH can be oxidized to NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.
• Method 2 of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation (muscle cells) where to generate NAD+, the 2 pyruvate will produce 2 lactate and the pyruvate can act as a electron acceptor - this happens when working out is occurring and is unable to deliver oxygen at a proper pace