PHIL204 Exam

• Logical Forms of an Argument:

  1. If X, then Y.
  2. X
  3. Therefore, Y.
• Logical Forms of an Argument:

  1. Either X or Y.
  2. Not Y.
  3. Therefore, X.
• Conditional Statement Argument Structure:

  1. X
  2. If X, then Y.
  3. If Y, then Z.
  4. Therefore, Z.
• Liberal Feminism:

  1. Libertarianism: classical liberals
  2. Welfare/Egalitarian Liberals: liberal feminists
  3. focus on gender equality (equality under the law and equal opportunities)
  4. work within the system
• Radical feminism

  1. goal is overcoming male supremacy and the suppression of women (patriarchy)
  2. women as sisters
  3. gender is THE lens
  4. some think women's liberation is to abolish gender altogether (anti-porn/sex work, inclusion of trans women)
• Intersectional feminism:

  1. systems of oppression as interlocking or intersecting
  2. experiences of those who are at the intersections are not simply an addition of each individual system
• Marxist Feminism:

  1. capitalism is the problem
  2. capitalism causes sexism/male supremacy
  3. women are alienated from their work in the home
• Care based feminism:

  1. the ignoring and degrading of "care" in thought about morality is a male bias
  2. Ethics of justice: public domain, interactions with strangers, contract MEN
  3. Ethics of care: private domain, interactions with loved ones, ties of family and friendship WOMEN
• Transnational feminism:

  1. identifies problematic elements in much western feminism in relation to women of different cultures/nations
  2. critiques radical feminism for their idea of global sisterhood
  3. northwestern/global south some do not need westernization
• Libertarian feminism emphasizes freedom and choice about sexuality and reproduction as potentially liberatory.
• Queer feminism emphasizes that all sex is okay, gender is not the only lens, porn/sex work/ reproductive technology is liberators, skeptical of moral judgement of good vs. bad sexuality.
• Covert radicalization is a subtle act that undermines or discriminates against another person or group of people.
• The Law of the Strongest conveys that a more dominant group asserts their dominance over a less powerful group.
• Gender Socialization proves that men and women are taught to be extremely different.
• Alienation:

  1. Class Alienation: separation of classes
  2. From work: factory work becomes automated, product separation and lack of pride in work, life consumed by work
  3. From others, our own needs, and natures comes Individualism, or the dissonance between yourself and the things you find joy in
• Exploitation is the selling of products for profit owning the means of production while underpaying for labor.
• Historical Materialism is the idea of human separation from animals. Human labor is part of the essence and means of our substance.
• Liberal:

  1. human nature is the ability to reason and rationalize
  2. supports socially progressive ideas
  3. promotes social welfare, individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise
• Marxist:

  1. human nature is the production of our subsistence- we intervene in our environments to change them to substantially fit our needs
  2. analyzing the impact of the ruling class on the laborers, leading to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in the society
• Epiphenomenalism is a secondary mental phenomenon that is caused by and accompanies a physical phenomenon but has no causal influence itself.
• Androcentrism: taking men and boys, masculinity, and maleness is the norm
• Utilitarianism: actions are right if they are useful for the benefit of the majority
• Coverture: the legal status of a marries woman considered to be under her husband's protection and authority
• Hay:

  1. definition of feminism: beliefs and commitment
  2. angry feminists vs. girl power feminists
  3. first wave, second wave, third wave
  4. women are at a disadvantage (empirical claim) --> this is bad (moral claim) --> these disadvantages are interrelated- oppression (systems and structures)
• Hooks:

  1. definition of feminism: activism, social movement (stop sexual opression
  2. "redefine the feminist movement"
  3. Reformist (gender equality) vs. Revolutionary (end patriarchy and sexism)
• Tuana:

  1. the problem is usually built into many overarching ideas
  2. he vs. him, all men, mankind
  3. put women and nonbinary into the "he"
  4. is morality considered male?are emotions rational or irrational
• The Stone:

  1. white women are more commonly philosophers because they don't face the racial stereotypes black women do
  2. emphasis on barriers but encourage pursuit
  3. black women put burden on philosophy to make the case rather than assuming its their job to prove they are worthy
• Alcoff and Kittay:

  1. what is feminist philosophy aiming to do? help philosophy do its job better
  2. misunderstanding: feminist philosophy is about content/topics
  3. explore ideas rather than tying it to philosophy
  4. restructure philosophical morals/ideas
  5. take neutral philosophical methods and approaches that are untouched by feminism
• Mill:

  1. liberal feminist: doesn't question family or sex
  2. current model of relations of sexes is one we just fell into
  3. started from women being physically weaker and men dominating because of this
  4. subjection of women patriarchy
  5. men an use physical strength to advantage
  6. men desire women wanting to be with them
• Ferguson:

  1. radicals tend to believe that heteropatriarchial culture causes sex to be innately dangerous and harmful towards women
  2. libertarians agree that sex often disadvantages some, but that the discourse surrounding sex is not really focused on gender and sexual liberation
• Lugones and Spelman:

  1. differences: response to problematic ideas, what about race/class/nationality/sexual orientation
  2. intersectionality: centering people at the intersections of systems of oppression will benefit everyone, even privileged women
  3. friendship should be the motive
• Angela Davis:

  1. covert radicalization: if we talk about the universalized group, you will automatically think you the most privileged of that group
• Wills:

  1. capitalism is a driving force behind sexism: abolishing capitalism would go a long way in overcoming sexism
  2. materialism (a focus on labor)
  3. what could it mean to say capitalism causes sexism and racism?
  4. epiphenomenalism is a common mistaken understanding
• Gilligan:

  1. justice/care orientation
  2. gender assumptions: women are socialized to adopt a more sympathetic care approach to situations
  3. spontaneous vs. preferred care orientation (women regulate emotions more than men)
  4. justice orientation: 2/3 women (most who choose one or the other choose justice)
  5. care orientation: 1/3 women, 1 man
  6. strength: promote empathy and understanding of others
  7. weakness: isn't this what we're trying to already overcome?
• Khader:

  1. advocating feminist solidarity requiring equal respect, avoiding the missionary position of western involvement
• Kohberg's Stages of Moral Development:

  1. Level 1 Preconventional: associated with children, have not yet developed right and wrong thinking
  2. Level 2 Conventional: adults and adolescents morality is tied to personal and social relationships, adheres to rules without them
  3. Level 3 Postconventional: some adults, greater morality and ethical principles, abstract moral reasoning