1st lesson

• Matter - Anything that occupies space and has weigh
• Element - A substance that cannot be decomposed any further by chemical action.
• Compound - A combination of two or more elements
• Molecule - Smallest particle that a compound can be reduced to before it breaks down into its element
• Atom - Smallest part that an element can be reduced to and still keeping the properties of the element.
• Parts of an Atom

  Proton

  Electron

  Neutron
• 1.672x10^(-27) proton/neutron
• 9.107x10^(-31) neutron
• Bohr Model / Planetary Model - it is not to scale - a 2 dimensional representation
• Nucleus is the combination of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom.
• Electrons are the one responsible for electricity.
• Electric Current is defined as the movement of electrons.
• electrons are fewer than the protons an atom is said to be positively charge
• electrons have more numbers than the proton it is said to be negatively charge
• number of electrons are equal to the number of protons it is on its neutral electrical condition or ground state
• K L M N O P Q

  2 8 18 32 50 72 98
• number of electrons in the outermost shell or valence shell is called valence electrons and it determines the reactivity of an atom
• Insulators - low electron mobility
• Conductors - high electron mobility
• flow of electron which is current is from (-) to (+).
• ELECTRONICS - It came from two words, electrons and mechanics. - Study of the behavior of electron
• Electronic Device - Device that controls the flow of electrons.
• Source of electric current - Batteries - Generators
• Branches of Electronics

  • Digital Electronics
  • Analog Electronics
  • Micro Electronics
  • Circuit Design
  • Opto Electronics
  • Integrated Circuit
  • Semiconductor Device
  • Power Electronics
  • Embedded Systems
  • Audio Electronics
  • Telecommunications
• Branches of Electronics

  Digital Electronics - Operate on digital signals
• Analog Electronics - From the Greek Word Analogos meaning proportional, with a continuously variable signal
• Micro Electronics - Study and manufacture of very small electronic designs and components
• Circuit Design - Systems ranging from complex electronic systems all the way down to the individual transistors within an IC.
• Opto Electronics - Application of electronic devices and systems that source, detect and control light
• Integrated Circuit - Set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor
• Semiconductor Device - Relies on the electronic properties of semiconductor materials such as: silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide and so on.
• Power Electronics - Application of solid-state electronics to the control and conversion of electric power
• Embedded Systems - Combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and I/O peripheral devices – that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system
• Audio Electronics - Electronic circuits designs to perform conversions of sound/pressure wave signals to electrical signals or vice versa.
• Telecommunications - Transmission of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images, and sounds or information of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems.
• SEMICONDUCTOR - A solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects.
• These are the common semiconductor materials:

  • Silicon (Si)
  • Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
  • Selenium
  • Germanium
  • Metal Oxides
• • Silicon (Si) - Widely used in diodes, transistors and integrated circuits, voltage drop of 0.7 V.
• Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

  • Require little voltage, and will function at higher frequencies than silicon devices o Used in LEDs, IREDs, laser diodes, visible light and IR detectors, UHF amplifying device, and variety of integrated circuits.
• Selenium

  • Exhibits conductivity that varies depending on the intensity of visible light or IR radiation. Photoconductivity.
  • Useful for making photocells, as rectifiers which converts AC to pulsating DC.
  • Electrically rugged with 1V voltage drop.
  • Can withstand brief transients, or spikes, better than components made with most other semiconductor materials.