dsiopma quiz 2

• The essence of an organization is the goods and services it offers
• The primary focus of product or service design should be on customer satisfaction
• Secondary considerations of product and service design: Cost or profit, quality, ability to produce a product or provide a service, ethics/safety, and sustainability.
• From a buyer’s standpoint, most purchasing decisions entail two fundamental considerations; one is cost and the other is quality or performance.
• Manufacturability - the capability of an organization to produce an item at an acceptable profit
• Serviceability - the capability of an organization to provide a service at an acceptable cost or profit
• Product liability is the responsibility of a manufacturer for any injuries or damages caused by a faulty product because of poor workmanship or design
• Idea Generation

  1. Supply-chain based
  2. Competitor based
  3. Research based
• Reverse engineering - dismantling and inspecting a competitor’s product to discover product improvements
• Basic research - Has the objective of advancing the state of knowledge about a subject without any near-term expectation of commercial applications
• Applied research - Has the objective of achieving commercial applications
• Development - Converts the results of applied research into useful commercial applications
• Product liability - The responsibility a manufacturer has for any injuries or damages caused by a faulty product
• Cradle-to-grave assessment, also known as life cycle analysis, is the assessment of the environmental impact of a product or service throughout its useful life, focusing on such factors as global warming (the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere), smog formation, oxygen depletion, and solid waste generation.
• Sustainability - Using resources in ways that do not harm ecological systems that support human existence
• End-of-life (EOL) programs deal with products that have reached the end of their useful lives.
• 3Rs

  1. Reduction of costs and materials used
  2. Re-using parts of returned products
  3. Recycling
• Value analysis - Examination of the function of parts and materials in an effort to reduce the cost and/or improve the performance of a product
• Remanufacturing - Refurbishing used products by replacing worn-out or defective components
• Design for disassembly (DFD) - Designing a product to that used products can be easily taken apart
• Design for recycling (DFR) - Product design that takes into account the ability to disassemble a used product to recover the recyclable parts
• Product life cycle management (PLM) is a systematic approach to managing the series of changes a product goes through, from its conception, design, and development, through production and any redesign, to its end of life
• Standardization refers to the extent to which there is absence of variety in a product, service, or process.
• Mass customization - A strategy of producing basically standardized goods or services, but incorporating somedegree of customization in the final product or service
• Delayed differentiation is a postponement tactic: the process of producing, but not quite completing, a product or service, postponing completion until customer preferences or specifications are known
• Modular design - A form of standardization in which component parts are grouped into modules that are easily replaced or interchanged e.g. Dell computers
• Reliability is a measure of the ability of a product, a part, a service, or an entire system to perform its intended function under a prescribed set of conditions
• The term failure is used to describe a situation in which an item does not perform as intended.
• Normal operating conditions - The set of conditions under which an item’s reliability is specified
• Robust design - A design that results in products or servicesthat can function over a broad range of conditions
• The more robust a product or service, the less likely it will fail due to a change in the environment in which it is used or in which it is performed.
• Quality Function Deployment (QFD) - An approach that integrates the “voice of the customer” into both product and service development
• The Kano model is a theory of product and service design developed by Dr. Noriaki Kano, a Japanese professor, who offered a perspective on customer perceptions of quality different from the traditional view that “more is better.”
• Concurrent engineering - Bringing engineering design andmanufacturing personnel together early in the design phase
• Computer-aided design (CAD) uses computer graphics for product design
• Finite element analysis (FEA) that is a part of CAD, Enables developers to perform simulations that aid in the design, analysis, and commercialization of new products
• Component Commonality - When products have a high degree of similarity in features and components, a single part can be used in multiple products e.g., water pumps inseveral models of car
• Service design - Begins with a choice of service strategy,which determines the nature and focus of the service, and the target market
• Phases in service design process

  1. Conceptualize
  2. Identify service package components needed
  3. Determine performance specifications
  4. Translate performance specifications into design specifications
  5. Translate design specifications into delivery specifications
• Capacity - The upper limit or ceiling on the load that anoperating unit can handle