B1

• All things made of living cells cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
• A prokaryotic cell is a single celled organism
• Animal cell have.

  • nucleus - genetic material
  • cytoplasm - chemical reactions.
  • cell membrane - holds cell together rigid.
  • mitochondria - aerobic respiration takes place
  • ribosomes - protein synthesis
• Plant cells also have

  . cell wall - cellulose strengths cell.

  . perm vacuole - cell sap

  chloroplast - photosynthesis occurs contain chlorophyll
• What are the two types of cells?

  • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
• Eukaryotic cells are complex cells
• Prokaryotic cells are small, simple cells
• A eukaryote is an organism made up of eukaryotic cells
• A prokaryote is a single-cell organism
• Bacteria is made up of prokaryotic cells
• Plants and animals are made up of eukaryotic cells
• The Nucleus contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell
• The Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen and contains enzymes that control these reactions
• The Cell Membrane holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
• The Mitochondria is where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place
• Ribosomes are where proteins are made in the cell
• Subcellular structures in most animal cells include: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Mitochondria, and Ribosomes
• Subcellular structures in a plant cell include: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Vacuole, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, and Chloroplasts
• The Cell Wall is a rigid structure made of cellulose which supports and strengthens the cell
• The Vacuole is a permanent structure that contains cell sap
• Cell sap is a weak solution of sugar and salts
• Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs, making food for the plant
• Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis
• Subcellular structures in bacteria include: Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Plasmids, and a singular circular strand of DNA
• The single circular strand of DNA found in bacteria controls the cell and floats freely in the cytoplasm
• Plasmids are small rings of DNA
• Cells are looked at through microscopes
• Light microscopes use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it
• Light microscopes let us see individual cells and large subcellular structures
• Electron microscopes let us see smaller things in more detail, like internal structures such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, and plasmids
• Electron microscopes use electrons to form an image
• Electron microscopes have higher magnification and resolution compared to light microscopes
• The formula for magnification is image size divided by real size
• The formula to calculate image size is magnification multiplied by real size
• The formula to calculate real size is image size divided by magnification
• Standard form is used to write something with many 0's as something more manageable
• 0.017 in standard form is 1.7 x 10^-2
• Cell differentiation is the process in which a cell becomes specialized to do its job
• Different subcellular structures develop during differentiation
• Animal cells have the ability to differentiate at an early stage but mostly lose it after becoming specialized