CHEM

• CHEMISTRY is a branch of science that deals with properties and behavior of matter
• MATTER

  -Anything that occupies space and has Mass.
• NON-NEWTONIAN

  -can't be identified as solid or

  liquid
• FREEZING

  Liquid to solid
• MELTING

  Solid to liquid
• VAPORIZATION

  -Liquid to gas
• CONDENSATION

  Gas to liquid
• DEPOSITION

  Gas to solid
• SUBLIMATION

  Solid to gas
• KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

  explains the states of solids and liquids in terms of intermolecular forces of attraction and the kinetic energy of the individual particles.
• Intramolecular Forces

  -are forces that hold atoms together within a molecule.
• Intermolecular Forces

  -are forces that exist between molecules
• IONIC BOND

  -formed by the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.
• • metal (loses) and non-metal (gain)
• IONIC BOND

  Type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. (cation and anion)
• COVALENT BOND

  -formed between atoms that have similar electronegativities. (the desire for electrons)
• METALLIC BOND

  -force that holds atoms together in a metallic substance.
• Intermolecular forces as a group are referred to as Van der Waals forces.
• TYPES OF IMF

  • London dispersion
  • Dipole-dipole
  • Ion-dipole
• London Dispersion Force

  -The weakest type of intermolecular force and present in all molecules.
• London Dispersion Force

  -When two non-polar molecules approach each other.
• London Dispersion is sometimes called induced dipole-induced dipole attraction.
• Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces

  -Interaction between polar and non-polar molecules.
• Dipole-dipole force/interaction

  -Occurs between two permanent polar molecules

  -The positive end attracts the negative end
• Hydrogen Bonding

  -a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and an electronegative atom of another, like fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen.
• Ion-Dipole Force

  -Acts between an ion (either positive or negative) and a polar molecule.

  -this explains the solubility of ionic compounds in water, which is polar molecule.
• Ion-Dipole Force

  -The ions and the oppositely charged ends of the polar water molecules overcome the attraction between ions themselves.

  -Each ion becomes separated and water molecules cluster around it.
• STRONGEST TO WEAKEST

  • ION-DIPOLE
  • HYDROGEN BONDING
  • DIPOLE-DIPOLE
  • LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
• IMPACT OF THE STRENGTH OF IMF

  The stronger the intermolecular force (within a series of like elements) the higher the melting and boiling points will be.
• So by looking at the boiling points for a series of molecules, the one with the highest value also has the strongest intermolecular forces.
• LONDON DISPERSION was discovered by Fritz London (1930)
• LONDON DISPERSION

  -two non-polar molecules
• IONIC INDUCED DIPOLE

  -ionic and non-polar molecules
• 2 TYPES OF SOLID

  -Crystal Solid

  -Amorphous Solid
• Octet Rule

  -needs 8 valence electrons to be stable
• UNIT CELL

  -smallest repeating pattern of crystalline solid.
• Polar covalent

  -when atoms of slightly different electronegativities share electrons.