Blood glucose

• What are some key terms related to blood glucose control?

  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Glycolysis
  • Glucose
  • Glycogen
  • Glucagon
• What concept is linked to blood glucose control?

  Homeostasis and negative feedback
• What does negative feedback do?

  Restores deviations to original levels
• What triggers negative feedback in blood glucose levels?

  Increased or decreased blood glucose levels
• What organ controls blood glucose levels?

  The pancreas
• What cells in the pancreas detect blood glucose changes?

  Islets of Langerhans
• What hormones are released by the pancreas to regulate blood glucose?

  Insulin and glucagon
• What is the role of adrenaline in blood glucose control?

  Releases more glucose from glycogen stores
• How does the body respond when blood glucose levels increase?

  Beta cells release insulin to lower levels
• What happens to glucose when insulin is released?

  It is stored as glycogen in liver cells
• What is glycogenesis?

  Conversion of glucose to glycogen
• What triggers glycogenolysis?

  Low blood glucose levels
• What is gluconeogenesis?

  Creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
• What role do beta cells play in blood glucose regulation?

  They secrete insulin when glucose levels rise
• How does insulin affect liver cells?

  Increases permeability to glucose
• What is facilitated diffusion?

  Movement of glucose through protein channels
• Why is glucose converted to glycogen in cells?

  To prevent cell lysis from high solubility
• What happens when glucagon binds to its receptors?

  Activates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP
• What is the second messenger in the glucagon signaling pathway?

  cAMP (cyclic AMP)
• What is the effect of adrenaline on blood glucose levels?

  Increases blood glucose levels
• What is type 1 diabetes caused by?

  Inability to produce insulin
• What is the typical age of onset for type 1 diabetes?

  Childhood
• What is type 2 diabetes associated with?

  Loss of responsiveness to insulin
• What lifestyle factors are linked to type 2 diabetes?

  Obesity and poor diet
• What are some treatments for type 2 diabetes?

  Diet control and increased exercise
• What is the role of insulin in diabetes management?

  Helps regulate blood glucose levels
• What are the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

  Type 1 Diabetes:

  • Inability to produce insulin
  • Typically starts in childhood
  • Often autoimmune in nature

  
  

  Type 2 Diabetes:

  • Loss of responsiveness to insulin
  • Typically develops in adulthood
  • Linked to obesity and poor diet
• What are the two types of diabetes discussed?

  Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
• What is diabetes mellitus characterized by?

  Excessively high blood glucose concentration
• What can high blood glucose concentration lead to over time?

  Damage to nerves and blood vessels
• What is type 1 diabetes also called?

  Insulin dependent diabetes
• What happens to insulin production in type 1 diabetes?

  Insulin is not produced by beta cells
• What is a possible cause of type 1 diabetes?

  An autoimmune response attacking beta cells
• When does type 1 diabetes frequently develop?

  In childhood
• What are common symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

  High blood glucose and glucose in urine
• What must patients with type 1 diabetes regularly monitor?

  Their blood glucose concentration
• What happens if blood glucose concentration is too high in type 1 diabetes?

  Patients may experience hypoglycemia
• How is insulin administered to type 1 diabetes patients?

  By injection
• Why can't insulin be taken as a tablet?

  It would be digested to amino acids
• What does insulin trigger in target cells?

  Absorption of glucose and glycogenesis