demography

• Demography-Definition

  The study of : • The population size and its change: • Distribution, is the population arrangement in space at a given time: • Structure is the distribution of the population by age and sex. • The population characteristics regarding social, economic activities, religious, race, language, education, employment status, health status and marital status.
• Urbanization-Criteria (3)

  1. Population is > 5000
  2. 75% of male population are working in non-agricultural occupation
  3. Population density is at least 400/sq.km
• Population density-Definition

  The number of persons living per square kilo meter
• Urban areas are ?

  Rarely sustainable systems
• Slum-Definition

  Poor established area of a city characterized by sub standard housing, lacking in tenure security
• The father of demography is

  John Graunt
• Demography is the study of a population

  in its

  static and dynamic aspects
• Why do we need to study demography?

  To determine:

  1. How many health units do we need?
  2. How to distribute them in the community to be accessible to the target population?
  3. What type of manpower is needed?
• The study of demography is of immense

  importance to

  an economy
• Different factors that determine if there is a negative or positive impact

  of population growth and economy:

  1. The socioeconomic status
  2. Government policies
  3. Dependency ratio
  4. Innovation and Technological Progress
  5. Consumption and demand
• Population = Collection of persons alive at a specified point in

  time, who are within certain criteria

  Natality, Mortality, and Migration
• The population size in any country is determined by:

  The census

  Estimated population

  In both cases, it is mid-year population (i.e. it is

  calculated to represent the population on July 1st ).
• The census is the process of:

  1. Enumeration of all persons in different parts of the country at a specific time
  2. Collection of demographic and socioeconomic data of the

  population: age, sex, religion, and other data.

  The data are filled in a special census questionnaire form

  • by the trained enumerator
  • during the interview the head of the family

  Census taking is repeated at intervals, usually every 10 ys
• Estimated Population is the number of population in any of the inter

  census years; obtained by:

  Natural Increase Method (The differences between live births and deaths in the years following the census are added to the census population)
• Population size Change depends on Natality, Mortality, and Emigration
• Migration can be temporary, permanent, or seasonal. It can take place from rural to urban areas, from rural to rural areas, urban to urban, or from urban to rural areas.

  The two sets of factors that control it are: Pull factors and push factors
• Population size changes are

  measured by:

  1. Rate of Natural Increase (RNI),
  2. Growth Rate (GR)
• Rate of Natural Increase (RNI):

  Is the rate at which a population is increasing

  (or decreasing) in a given year due to a

  surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths

  This rate does not include the effects of

  immigration or emigration.
• A country's birth rate is calculated by dividing the number of births in one year by the population and then multiplying the results by 1000
• Natural Rate of increase:

  is the difference between the birth rate and death rate

  
  

  2.1 is the number that determines if the Population is staying the same size, because some individuals die Prematurely, or they do not become parents

  If the population is shrinking , NIR< 2.1 or negative
• Growth Rate (GR) (aka Population change) is the rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year due to natural increase (Birth rate minus death rate) and net migration (difference between immigration and emigration)

  growth usually occurs in developing countries.

  The global fertility rate is 2.5 children per woman
• Demographic Transition Model

  Stage 1 = High Stationary

  Stage 2 = Early Expanding

  Stage 3 = Late Expanding

  Stage 4 = Low Stationary (fluctuating with 'baby booms' and epidemics of illnesses and disease)

  Stage 5 = Declining phase

  
• Which of the following has a high Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)? Old balance

  Which of the following has the best lifestyle/agriculture/etc status? New Balance

  Which of the following can cause social & political chaos? Imbalance
• • Life expectancy began a slow rise, while birth rates also declined as a result of: - later ages at marriage, -Urbanization, -Industrialization

  The shift from high to low mortality and fertility is known as “the demographic transition.”