Logic Formulation

• Algorithm:

  • Refers to a step-by-step processing procedure used to solve problems
  • Characteristics include:

  ✓ Well-defined inputs and outputs

  ✓ Clear and unambiguous

  ✓ Language independent

  ✓ Feasible
• Flowchart:

  • A graphical representation of an algorithm
• Remember:

  • Data Terminal looks like the letter ‘D’
  • Process is a rectangle
  • Input/Output is a process slanted inwards (input) and slanted outwards (output)
  • Decision is a rotated process to look like a diamond
  • Subroutine looks like a process inside a process
  • Initialization is represented by pinching the cheeks of a rectangle to extend
• Basic Flowchart Symbols:

  • Data Terminal: Defines the starting and ending point of a flowchart
  • Initialization: Prepares or initializes memory space for data processing
  • Input/Output: Represents data input and output
  • Process: Represents manipulation of data (assignment and mathematical computations)
  • Decision: Represents processing of conditions using relational operators
  • Subroutine: Groups sequences that perform a specific, well-defined task
  • Flow lines: Define the logical sequence of the program by pointing to the next symbol to be performed
  • On-page Connector: Connects to the flowcharts on the same page
  • Off-page Connector: Connects to the flowcharts on a different page
• Selection Structure:

  • Represents a flow where processes are selected based on certain conditions
• Repetition Structure:

  • Represents a flow where a condition is carried out repeatedly if a certain requirement is satisfied
• Sequence Structure:

  • Represents a flow that is carried out in a particular order