Psych Boost - Memory

    Cards (21)

    • The multi-store model of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968 is a theoretical cognitive model that explains how the memory system processes information
    • The model consists of three stores: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory
    • Sensory register:
      • Receives raw sense impressions
      • Attention passes in photos
      • Duration: very short, about 250 milliseconds
      • Capacity: very large, holds all sense impressions in each moment
    • Short-term memory:
      • Receives information from the sensory register by paying attention or from long-term memory by retrieval
      • Keeps information through maintenance rehearsal or by passing it on to long-term memory
      • Coding: acoustic
      • Duration: approximately 18 seconds
      • Capacity: 7 plus or minus two items
    • Long-term memory:
      • Very long duration, potentially limitless
      • Permanent memory storage
      • Theoretical unlimited capacity
      • Coded semantically
      • To use information from long-term memory, it must be passed back to short-term memory for retrieval
    • Glanzer and Kunitz found that words at the start and end of word lists were more easily recalled, known as the primacy and recency effect
    • Jacobs found that the average recall for letters in short-term memory is about seven items, suggesting a limited capacity of 7 plus or minus two
    • Wagner's study on long-term memory showed that recall of events remained high even after several years, suggesting a very large capacity and potentially limitless duration
    • Types of long-term memory:
      • Declarative (explicit): consciously recalled memories like facts and events
      • Non-declarative (implicit): not consciously recalled, like procedural memories of skills
    • The working memory model by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974 is an active processor made of multiple stores, replacing the short-term memory store in the multi-store model
    • Working memory model components:
      • Central executive: controls attention and filters information
      • Phonological loop: processes sound information
      • Visual spatial sketchpad: processes visual and spatial information
      • Episodic buffer: integrates information from other stores
    • Interference works forward in time when old information already stored interferes with recalling something new
    • Retroactive interference occurs when new information disrupts old information, working backward in time
    • Similarity interference is more likely to occur when two pieces of information are similar due to response competition
    • Time sensitivity interference is less likely to occur when there's a large gap between learning and retrieval
    • Cue-dependent forgetting happens when information is in long-term memory but forgetting occurs due to the absence of appropriate cues or prompts
    • The encoding specificity principle states that context-dependent cues from aspects of our external environment work as cues to memory, like sight, sound, and smells
    • State-dependent cues from aspects of our internal environment, like emotions, drugs, and states of arousal, work as cues to memory
    • Category or organizational cues provide cues that relate to the organization or category of memories
    • Age recall suggests that the most effective cues have fewer things associated with them, and the lack of organizational cues inhibits memory
    • Research into forgetting has practical applications, such as developing effective revision strategies and using context cues to improve recall, like in the cognitive interview technique used by the police
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