booklet 1

• What is urbanization?


  growth in the proportion of people living in towns and cities
• What is urban growth

  the increase in the area covered by cities
• What is a megacity?

  City with more than 10 million people
• What's urban sprawl


  the spread of an urban area into surrounding country side
• World city


  Centres of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.
• difference between urban growth and urbanisation

  urbanisation talks about growth in the proportion of population but urban growth is the increase total population
• causes of urbanisation


  - natural population growth

  - rural-urban migration
• push/pull factors


  push factors - population growth, natural disasters, cash crops, wars and civil wars, farming issues, heath

  pull factors - perceived better quality of life, informal employment, better employment opportunities, better quality of life and freedom from tradition
• How has the location of worlds largest cities changed since 1970

  in 1970, a lot of the worlds largest cities were located Europe for example London in the uk, as well as in Japan and China in East Asia. A lot of the cities had a population of in between 1 and 5 million however some cities had populations of between 5 and 10 million

  Since 1970, the location of the worlds largest cities has become a lot more wide spread, with cities in Africa getting bigger and bigger. A lot of cities in North America have a population of 5-10 million with some exceeding 10 million. Cities in south east Asia have gained millions of people like Mumbai in India
• consequences of urbanisation - urban sprawl

  Requires more roads and infrastructure such as pipes and wires. it is less economically efficient to service low density rural areas - means lived experience is very interrupted.

  Causes pollution since more car dependent lifestyle leads to increase in fossil fuels
• consequences of urbanisation - shortage of housing in LIC

  Leads to large presence of inadequate informal housing which is very unsafe and dirty. Built on land that is prone to environmental hazards - unsafe and not ideal. Found in areas of high level of air pollution and water pollution. Also leads to health issue and sanitary problems
• consequences of urbanisation - shortages of housing in AC

  In uk there is a rising demand for housing in cities because house prices and rents have rocketed. in some areas house pries rose by 50% between 2010-2015. Caused by immigration and gentrification - people have to live in the streets bad for mental and physical health
• consequences of urbanisation - lack of urban services and waste disposal

  Financial restraints in low income countries can result in lack of basic services like water and electricity. Maintenance of sewers is limited - leads to flooding and unsanitary conditions

  waste disposal is an issue - economic, physical and environmental restraints to this
• consequences of urbanisation - employment and underemployment

  unemployment rated are very high and lots of young people face the brute of it. there is high pressure to create jobs.

  Underemployment refers to the situation in which a person is not doing work that makes use of their skills
• consequences of urbanisation - transport

  The process of urbanisation and urban growth leads to transport issues and high congestion levels. High demand for public transport from society.
• characteristics of megacities


  - extensive range of social series - health, welfare and education

  - exist as centres of innovation

  - wide and diverse range of employment opportunities

  - environmental and planning impact of housing and infrastructure for dense populations in concentrated in one area
• issues of megacities


  Lack of teacher for students

  Not enough accommodation for migrants

  LIC slums

  HIG refugees

  Pollution

  Shortages of food
• factors leading to urban growth

  economic - cost of land, job changes, economic development, globalisation, affordable housing

  social - concentration of socio-economic groups, rural to urban migration, geographically and social mobility

  technological - better connection, more developed industry

  political - re imaging, regeneration schemes, planning decisions, improving land use and making urban areas more attractive

  demographic- population growth, attraction of urban areas
• Shangai - factors associated with its growth

  migration is most associated with its growth as overseas workers and students bring new mix of skills and they benefit its economy. 100000 migrants graduate each year which positively impacts the enterprise and skills added
• characteristics of world cities

  High quality services

  global decision making

  financial headquarters

  TNC headquarters

  Dominates trade

  manufacturing centres

  ports and containers
• difference between world cities and megacities

  megacities are classified by size whereas world city status is based on political, social and economic factors. world cities found in HIC mostly and megacities located mainly in EDCS
• How are world cities interconnected

  world cities are all interconnected - London for example is very integrated to cities in Europe, Asia, North America due to high connectivity, good trade links, global economies like Hong Kong, Mumbai, Amsterdam
• world cities and global economy

  They have very established trading routes and connections globally so trade, deals and decisions can be made quickly and efficiently. Communications are of a high standard so global trade can be done in ease.
• London - finance


  London is considered a financial hub and its the centre of leading investment globally. a lot of headquarters of major business are located there.
• London - education


  Home to some of the top universities like imperial college and university of London
• London - trade


  London is the leading position in global economy - both importer and exporter of goods and its leading investment wise
• London entertainment


  Lots to do in London - From world-class sport, theatre, historic spots, thousands of restaurant's, art , museums, music and concerts
• London - media


  Almost all of the major media organisations in the UK are based in London. Much of the British media is concentrated in London and is sometimes accused of having a "London bias". All the major television networks are headquartered in London including the BBC, which remains one of the world's most influential media organisations, and the largest broadcaster in the world
• London - politics


  London has a very established politics system that is known globally.