booklet 4

• deindustrialisation


  long term decline of country's manufacturing and heavy industries
• main factors causing deindustrialisation

  - mechanisation

  - competition from abroad

  - reduced demand for traditional products / goods
• what is mechanisation


  - most firms can produce their goods more cheaply using machines than with people
• economic impacts of deindustrialisation

  - loss of tax income to local authority and potential decline in services

  - increased demand for state benefits

  - decline in property prices due to outmigration occurring
• social impacts of deindustrialisation

  - increase in unemployment / deprivation

  - out migration of population - usually more affluent with higher skills

  - loss of confidence and morale in population
• environmental impacts of deindustrialisation

  - derelict land and buildings

  - long term pollution of land

  - reduction of noise, land and water pollution, reduced congestion
• inner city spiral of decline - evidence in Detroit

  - 1/5 become unemployed

  - wealthier residents moved out

  - 1/3 in poverty

  - shops and services moved out - 90% downtown offices closed

  - 80,000 homes abandoned
• urban changes in uk

  - number of manufacturing employees has decreased overall from 6,711 (1978) to 2,658 (2015)

  - it is starting to increase again in more recent years

  - shows there's been a shift in economy
• decentralisation


  - process of redistributing people, functions or power away from centre to periphery
• what is the aim of decentralisation?

  - to stimulate socio-economic growth
• evidence of decentralisation in Guildford

  - more green space

  - main roads (A3) -> easier access

  - university and hospital moved away from city centre

  - industrial estates moved out from centre

  --- cheaper land and more availability
• factors effecting decentralisation


  - more space on outskirts

  - shopping as recreation - seen as more of a family outing

  - land values - higher in town centre

  - government policies

  - easier access / increased mobility

  --- easier / cheaper to park on outskirts
• tertiary economy


  - provides goods and services

  - financial services - eg, banking, accountancy
• quaternary economy


  - knowledge and ideas are main output

  - eg, advertising, software design
• primary economy


  - economic activities that generate or extract raw materials from the natural environment,

  - Eg, mining, fishing, growing crops, drilling oil, etc.
• secondary economy


  - economic activities that transform raw materials into manufactured goods
• the rise in service economy

  - tertiary sector increased significantly (33% - 80%)

  --- makes up majority of service economy

  - both tertiary and secondary were equal until (35%) until 1911

  - primary sector experienced steady decline

  --- 22% to around 1% (2011)

  - shifted from primary and secondary sector (1841) to primarily the tertiary sector (2011)
• what caused the rise in service economy?

  - financial services needed to support manufacturing industries

  - societies become wealthier -> demand more services

  - societies more technologically sophisticated
• why has the rise in economy not solved problems?

  - lack of skills for new service jobs

  - many staff who lost jobs suffered long term unemployment

  - many service jobs are part time / temporary

  - inner city locations often avoided by service industries / newer manufacturing companies
• cambridge science park - reasons for location

  - 54 mins from kings cross by train

  - near the university - attracts Cambridge graduates

  - reliable bus services

  - 5 mins from Cambridge

  - on site restaurants, laboratories and purpose built buildings

  - close to main roads - travel to London and airports
• companies in Cambridge science park

  - astrozeneca - medicine (life science)

  - huawei - technology

  - microsoft - IT

  - roku - IT and TV