coasts

• causes

  Holderness Coast, Yorkshire is the fastest eroding coastline in the UK. this is because the cliffs are mainly made out of boulder clay making them easily eroded by hydraulic action and corrosion. It is also prone to slumping and mass movement when wet.

  they are also very narrow beaches meaning they lack protection, this is because Flamborough Head stops sediment from the north replenishing the beaches. it is also made of chalk which dissolves instead of making sand for the beach.
• causes

  powerful waves increasing erosion.

  destructive waves crash into cliffs - storms increase their action
• effects

  30 villages have been lost and property prices have decreased due to risk of erosion.

  expensive to protect the coastline - £2mil spent on Mappleton

  80,000 metres squared of farmland lost every year and gas terminal is only 25 metres from edge - accounts for 25% of Britains gas
• management

  11.4km out of 61km protected by hard engineering - sea walls, groynes, rip rap and gabions

  gas terminal protected by revetment
• effects of management

  groynes trap the sediment but increase erosion down the coast

  sediment doesnt flow down the Humber estuary due to protection meaning flooding would be ore problematic

  protection is encouraging bays to form, increasing pressure on headlands and may be too expensive to protect them

  many schemes unsustainable
• future management

  SMP for next 50 years recommends holding the line where there are villages and industry

  do nothing in unpopulated places

  coastal realignment of businesses

  sea wall proposed at gas terminal - would further erode the area and need a longer wall costing £7mil

  offshore reefs of tyres - harm environment