blood and tissue nematode

• 3 species of mansonella : Mansonella perstans, Mansonella ozzardi, Mansonella streptocerca
• mansonella perstans tail is blunted with body nuclei is up to the tip of the tail
• mansonella streptocerca hooked tailed with body nuclei up to the tip of tail
• mansonella ozzardi pointed tail with no body nucleus on tip of tail
• infective stage of mansonella spp. L3 larvae enter bite wound
• diagnostic stage of mansonella spp. is unsheathed microfilariae that reach the blood stream
• primary vector of mansonella spp. is midge genus culicoides
• to diagnose mansonella perstans and ozzardi through circulating blood
• to diagnose mansonella streptocerca is through skin snips
• rat lungworm is the common name for angiostrongylus cantonensis
• definitive host of angiostrongylus cantonensis is rats
• disease that angiostrongylus cantonensis causes is eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
• male angiostrongylus cantonensis has well-developed caudal bursa with spicule
• female angiostrongylus cantonensis has uterine tubules like barber's pole pattern
• eggs of angiostrongylus cantonensis is similar to hookworm without the morula ball
• is L3 larva is the infective stage for angiostrongylus cantonensis
• incidental host of angiostrongylus cantonensis is humans and intermediate host is snails
• symptoms for angiostrongylus cantonensis is meningitis
• diagnosis for angiostrongylus cantonensis is travel history , ct scan , elisa
• treatment for angiostrongylus cantonensis is supportive management
• common name fpr dacunculus medinensis is guinea worm, fiery serpent , medina worm
• dracunculiasis is the disease u get from dracunculus medinensis
• dracunculus medinensis is found in subcutaeneous tissues and muscles of humans, dogs, cattles, horses
• dracunculus medinensis larvae can live for 6 days in clean water and 2-3 in muddy water
• L3 larva is the infective stage of dracunculus medinensis
• definitive host of dracunculus medinensis are humans , dogs , horse
• intermediate host for dracunculus medinensis is copepods
• fertilized female worm of dracunculus medinensis causes blisters
• treatment of dracunculus medinensis is removal of worm , filtering water sources
• Loa loa infective stage is L3 larva
• loa loa vector is chrysops fly
• adult stage harbors in the subcutaneous tissue of human
• diagnostic stage of loa loa if microfilariae in peripheral blood smear
• onchocerca volvulus vector is a simulium fly
• onchocerca volvulus infective stage is L3 larva
• onchocerca volvulus adult harbors in subcutaneous nodules and produce microfilariae in subcutaneous or lymphatic tissue
• onchocerca v. : if biopsy on the skin migrating microfilariae is seen
• onchocerca v. : if biopsy on subcutaneous nodules adult is seen
• when onchocerca v. dies they produce inflammatory mediators and wolbachia bacteria which causes river blindness , leopard skin and hanging groin
• treatment for opnchocerca v. are ivermectin to kill larvae and doxycyline to kill the wolbachia