1st year biology

• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver

  
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment aimed to identify stages of attachment and find a pattern in the development of attachment between infants and parents
• Participants in the study were 60 babies from Glasgow
• The procedure involved analyzing interactions between infants and carers
• Findings showed that babies of parents with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• Roots in plants are involved in anchoring, storage of food, and procuring water and minerals
• The shoot in plants supports the entire plant, while leaves are primary organs for food manufacture
• Flowers or other reproductive structures in plants are involved in producing the next generation (reproduction)
• The complexity of animal organ systems is associated with a far greater range of functions and activities than in plants
• Various organs in plants and various organ systems in animals are assembled together to form an individual - the whole organism
• In animals, all systems work in coordination with each other, achieved by means of the nervous system and endocrine system
• A population is a group of living organisms of the same species located in the same place at the same time
• Communities are dynamic collections of organisms, in which one population may increase and others may decrease due to fluctuations in abiotic factors
• A biome is a large regional community primarily determined by climate, with major types of plants determining the other kinds of plants and animals present
• The distribution of organisms in space can be studied through biomes, which are large regional communities primarily determined by climate
• The evolution of life on Earth can be studied through the timeline of the evolution of life, showing major geological eras and periods, and the plants and animals that lived during those times
• Biodiversity includes nearly 2,500,000 known species of organisms, with more than half being insects and another 17.6% being vascular plants
• Evolutionary change often produces new species and increases biodiversity, forming phyletic lineages or evolving populations of organisms living in the remote past
• Science is a systematized knowledge based on experimental inquiry, beginning with chance observation and leading to the formation of hypotheses
• Hypotheses are subjected to rigorous testing, and if not falsified, can lead to the formulation of theories, which are predictive and have explanatory power
• If a theory survives skeptical testing and continues to be supported by experimental evidence, it becomes a scientific law, a uniform or constant fact of nature
• Biology has helped mankind by increasing food production, combating diseases, and protecting the environment
• Advances in biology have led to high standards of living through increased plant production, development of new high-yield and disease-resistant plant and animal varieties, and genetic engineering techniques
• Selective breeding using genetic principles has resulted in new better varieties of wheat, rice, corn, chicken, cow, and sheep
• Transgenic plants, which have foreign DNA incorporated into their cells, can be propagated by cloning using techniques like tissue culture
• Biological control, using living organisms to destroy pests, is a safer alternative to chemical pesticides
• Disease control involves preventive measures, vaccination/immunization, and drug treatment/gene therapy
• Vaccination, developed by Edward Jenner, has been crucial in controlling diseases like polio, whooping cough, measles, and mumps
• Gene therapy involves isolating normal genes and inserting them into the host through bone marrow cells
• Integrated disease management, involving all necessary disease control methods and community participation, is effective in eliminating dangerous diseases
• Cloning technology allows for the production of genetically identical organisms, aiding in commercial production of valuable animals and potentially in human transplants
• Biologists are working on bioremediation techniques to remove or degrade environmental pollutants using living organisms
• Biologists are identifying endangered species and emphasizing the need for their protection to prevent extinction
• Environmental pollution is a significant issue addressed by biologists, who are striving to find solutions to restore and protect the environment
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment:

  • Aim: identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
  • Participants: 60 babies from Glasgow
  • Procedure: analysed interactions between infants and carers
  • Findings: babies of parents/carers with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• Schaffer and Emerson's study found that babies of parents with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment

  
• An ester is the compound produced as the result of a chemical reaction of an alcohol with an acid, releasing a water molecule

  
• Fatty acids are important components of triglycerides
• Fatty acids contain even numbers (2-30) of carbon atoms in straight chains attached with hydrogen and having an acidic group COOH (carboxylic group)
• Fatty acids may contain no double bond (saturated fatty acids) or up to 6 double bonds (unsaturated fatty acids)