GEOGRAPHY

• deindustrialisation


  - decline in manufacturing, growth in tertiary and quaternary sectors

  - caused by global shift in manufacturing to NEEs (which have low wages, long hours, no unions) and mechanisation (increase in machines doing work)
• globalisation


  - world has become more interconnected

  - due to world trade, foreign investment, communication

  - UK is dependent on other countries (40% decrease of people working in secondary sector in last 30 years)
• government policies 1980s


  - rapid growth

  - state owned businesses privatised (British Gas), markets deregulated, factories closed, service sector grew
• government policies 1990s


  - growth continued

  - taxes kept low so people could afford to buy things
• government policies 2008


  - global economic crisis and UK entered recession period

  - government gave banks money, growing national debt
• government policies 2010


  - austerity programme

  - spending cuts, quantitative easing (making money), enterprise zones (Birmingham) with incentives like reduced tax to encourage businesses to locate there
• IT development


  - worth £58b annually

  - growing cyber security market

  - largest mobile device service in Europe
• service industry


  - 3/4 of UK economy

  - healthcare, entertainment, etc

  - people go to UK for services (tourism, education), money generated contributes to exports
• finance


  - banks, building societies, etc
• research


  - helps UK move forward sustainably

  - done through government and research councils (universities)
• science/business parks


  - areas for company offices

  - located on edge of cities for accessibility

  - near universities (Oxford, Cambridge) to attract graduates

  - designed to be pleasant working environments (low-rise, green spaces, recreational facilities)
• environmental impacts of industry

  - air, water, visual pollution

  - harmful waste

  - modern industrial development aims to be more sustainable with new ideas and technology
• London Sustainable Industries Park

  - located on Thames gateway, east London

  - built on former brownfield site (Ford factory)

  - 9 businesses

  - well connected (underground, M25, Heathrow)

  - organisations work together to research sustainability (recycling, using food waste to generate energy)

  - closed loop system (organisations share resources and ideas, exchange byproducts)

  - government invests as it is a good model for future UK industry
• Elmbridge


  - semi rural area in Surrey

  - ideal for commuters (M25, near London)

  - social and economic changes from influx of people

  - many young parents moving there, causing lower average age and higher school demand

  - 20% commute to London, leaving the town empty at daytime

  - high average income, allowing locals to spend disposable income on local businesses
• Tibenham


  - rural area in Norfolk

  - declining population

  - no motorways or major roads nearby

  - people move away to find work due to a job shortage from mechanisation

  - social and economic changes from movement of people

  - young parents move away (only 1 school)

  - high average age

  - 25% population decrease since 1900s

  - local shops closed

  - low house prices
• infrastructure developments


  - government spent £15b on smart roads to reduce congestion

  - government spend £25b on upgrading rail networks

  - new runway for Heathrow planned
• north south divide


  - wealth divide as many businesses choose to set up in south

  - low income, high unemployment, low standard of living in the north

  - 1 job is created in the north for every 12 created in the south
• north south divide strategies

  - devolution measures

  - Manchester mayor given £1b to improve city and attract businesses

  - creating jobs in the north (Leeds university encourages professionals to settle there, BBC relocated parts to Salford)
• UK in the wider world

  - trade: 50% with EU

  - culture: Harry Potter, Commonwealth Games bring tourism

  - transport- modern air (Heathrow), good ports, good rail (channel tunnel)

  - electronic communication: internet links UK to wider world, sea cables provide fast connection

  - politics: commonwealth (political group of former British colonies with trade links)