external

• Sewell - lacking external family support

  • 57% of afro caribbean families are matrifocal, compared to 25% for white people
  • said the lack of discipline from a male role model cause black children to seek them from gang culture and MTV, creates antischool black masculinity which pressures black pupils
• material deprivation

  • housing - ethnic groups are more exposed to having poorer housing conditions compared to white people
  • employment - ethnic groups are less likely to be interviewed for jobs
• Bereiter + Engleman - language

  • the language of poorer black families = ungrammatical
  • causing black pupils to use deficient language skills to struggle in essays and discussions
  • leads to failure
• Wood - racism in wider society

  • sent 3 closely matched job applications to 1000 job agencies 
  • applicants were fictitious and used names of ethnic and white groups
  • 1/16 ethnic applicants received interviews, compared to 1/9 for white applicants