Contemporary world Module 2

• Nation - refers to a group of people united by bonds, shared history, culture, and identity
• A nation is composed of a large body of people that can exist without sovereignty.
• State - refers to a fixed territory united by laws and regulations.
• State - can be described as a political and legal entity that cannot exist without sovereignty.
• A state is synonymous with a country.
• Sovereignty is characterized by political independence or the authority of a state to govern itself.
• NATION-STATE

  • The integration of the state and the nation
  • A state comprising of or dominated by a single nation
• Global Interstate System

  • A system of competing and allying states.
  • An international system that centers on the field of international relations.
• Treaty of Westphalia

  • set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years War - a brutal religious war between Catholics and Protestants.
• Essential Principles of the Treaty of Westphalia

  • Equality among states
  • Complete control over domestic affairs
  • Non-intervention
• Napoleon Bonaparte

  • Led the Napoleonic Wars which spread the principles of the French Revolution - Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
• Liberty ensures individual freedom
• Equality refers to the equal treatment of individuals before the law
• Fraternity emphasizes the realm of people's respect for individual rights because they are brothers
• Napoleon Code

  • forbade birth privileges
  • Freedom of religion
  • Meritocracy in government service
• The Concert of Europe

  • Alliance of "great powers"
  • Sought to restore Europe to the world before French Revolution and Napoleon.
  • Return of monarchy
  • Return of Christian values in Europe
  • Repudiation of the Napoleonic Code
  • Renewed peace achieved through diplomacy
• Internationalism could be construed as the agreement among states in order to avert war.
• In the concept of Liberal internationalism, nations need to give up their freedom and subject themselves to a larger system of law
• Jeremy Bentham

  • coined the term international in 1780.
  • states that, international law should be a law between states
• Liberal internationalism

  • idea of common international principles
  • Cooperation and respect among nation-states
  • Promotion of democracy around the world
• League of Nations - the first intergovernmental organization founded in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference
• Goals of the League of Nations

  • Demilitarization
  • stopping war through collective security
  • dispute negotiations through diplomacy
  • improve the welfare of the world
• United Nations (1945 - Present)

  • Organized to ensure lasting peace
  • Reinforced the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention
• The Five permanent members of UN:

  1. United States of America
  2. Russia
  3. France
  4. Great Britain
  5. China
• After World war 2, the Cold War divided the world into:

  • First World
  • Second World
  • Third World
• First World: NATO and the Western Alliance
• Second World: Communist countries
• Third world: Those caught in between the superpowers
• The Bandung Conference - saw the birth of the non-aligned states.
• The Bandung Conference aimed to combat colonialism and neocolonialism by either the US or the USSR and paved the way for the beginnings of the non-aligned movement.
• Global Governance

  • the system of managing global issues.
  • the agreement and processes used to manage issues that affect the world.
• Key aspects of Global Governance

  • Making rules
  • Solving Problems
  • Mediating Disputes
  • Collaboration
• United Nations (1945 - present) - world's largest international organization
• United Nations consists of 193 states as its members.
• Activities of United Nations:

  • Humanitarian Aid
  • Development
  • Human rights
  • Climate change
  • Peacekeeping
• Global governance isn't one thing, but many ways actors work together to manage our interconnected world.
• The following are the possible actors of Global Governance

  • Nation-states
  • International Organizations
  • Non-governmental Organizations
  • Private Companies
• POSITIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE OVER GLOBALIZATION

  • Facilitates economic growth
  • Addresses Global Challenges
  • Promotes Stability and peace
  • Improves global health and development
• NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE OVER GLOBALIZATION

  • Homogenization of cultures
  • Democratic deficit
  • Power imbalances
  • Limited effectiveness
• Environmental Governance - is like a set of guidelines for sharing and protecting our planet's resources.