BIOS213 Exam 1

• List several ways that microbes affect our life.

  Affect our lives by maintaining Earth’s ecological balance, maintain good health in species, produce foods and chemicals, and cause disease 
• Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature.

  Created by Linnaeus, each organism has two names the genus and specific epithet, are italicized or underlined, the first letter of the genus is capitalized, and the specific epithet is lower case ex: Staphylococcus aureus
• BACTERIA

  -       Prokaryotes (no nucleus, no organelles)

  -       Single cell

  -       Peptidoglycan (signature molecule in cell walls)

  -       Binary fission (1 -> 2 -> 4)

  -       For energy (diverse source): organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

  -       Some bacteria can cause disease 
• ARCHAEA

  -       Prokaryotes (looks like bacteria)

  -       Lack peptidoglycan

  -       Lives in extreme environments

  o   Include:

  §  Methanogens (no oxygen)

  §  Extreme halophiles (high salts)

  §  Extreme thermophiles (high temp.)

  -       Do NOT cause disease 
• FUNGI

  -       Eukaryotes (nucleus, organelles)

  -       Chitin cell walls

  -       Use organic chemicals for energy

  -       Molds and mushrooms are multicellular, yeasts are unicellular

  -       Few associated with disease (10%)
• ALGAE

  -       Eukaryotes (plants/protists)

  -       Cellulose cell walls

  -       Use photosynthesis for energy

  -       Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds 
• Pathogens: disease-causing microbes 
• VAN LEEUWENHOEK

  Discovered bacteria with his own microscope he created as well as, free-living and parasitic microscopic protists, sperm cells, blood cells, microscopic nematodes and rotifers 
• PASTEUR

  Demonstrated that microorganisms are presented in the air as well as proved the theory of biogenesis, microbes originate from preexisting microbes and not from nonliving materials 
• LISTER

  Used a chemical disinfectant (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections
• KOCH

  Provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps (Koch’s postulates) used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
• JENNER

  Inoculated a person with cowpox virus, the person was then protected (immunity) from smallpox, created vaccination
• FLEMING

  Created penicillin antibiotic
• List at least four beneficial activities of microorganisms.

  
  

  -       Decompose organic waste (recycle nutrient)

  -       Are oxygen producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis

  -       Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl, alcohol, and acetone

  -       Produce fermented foods such as beer, vinegar, cheese, and bread 

  -       Produce products used in manufacturing and treatment 
• (EIV) Monkey pox: rare disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus 
• (EIV) COVID-19: virus is believed living in bats normally, transmitted to humans (never occurring before virus)
• (EIV) H1N1 (Pig/swine flu):  normally infected pigs but gained the ability to infect humans, contained a unique combination of influenza genes not previously identified in animals or people 
• (EIV) Avian influenza A (H5N1, bird flu): virus that occurs in birds worldwide and found in many animals, usually is species specific, no human-to-human transmission 
• (EIV) SARS: viral disease caused by coronavirus, person to person transmission 
• (EIV) West Nile encephalitis: leading cause of mosquito-borne diseases, most commonly spread to people by bite of an infected mosquito 
• (EID) Mad cow disease: prion infectious disease, also causes CJD and new variant in human related to cattle fed sheep offal for protein
• (EIB) Escherichia coli: toxin-producing strain of E.coli, leading cause of diarrhea worldwide
• AIDS & HIV: sexually transmitted disease affecting males and females

   
• Define emerging infectious disease.

  (EID): New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
• Discuss the structure of an atom and its relation to the chemical properties of elements.

  The smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions, interact to form molecules, protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, electrons move around the nucleus, electrons are arranged in different energy level of shells
• IONIC BOND

  Are attractions between ions of opposite charge, one atom loses electrons and another gains electrons
• COVALENT BONDS

  Form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons 
• HYDROGEN BONDS

  Form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an O or N atom in another molecule 
• List several properties of water that are important to living systems

  Important inorganic compound, polar molecule, solvent: polar substances dissociate, forming solutes, hydrogen bonding between water molecules make water a temperature buffer, H+ and OH- participate in chemical reactions 
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  Always contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) 
• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  Typically lack carbon (some exceptions: CO2)
• CARBOHYDRATES

  Consists of C, H, and O with the general formula (CH2O)n, lactose and glucose
• SIMPLE LIPIDS

  Consists of C, H, O and contain glycerol and fatty acids, formed by dehydration synthesis
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS

  Contain C, H, and O + P, N, or S, membranes
• PROTEINS

  Consist of subunits called amino acids
• NUCLEIC ACIDS

  Consists of nucleotides: pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base 
• Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities

  The principle energy-carrying molecule (energy currency in cells), has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate, ATP is made via dehydration synthesis and is broken down via hydrolysis
• Diagram the light path of a compound microscope

  Illuminator, condenser lenses, specimen, objective lens, ocular lens (bottom – up)
• TOTAL MAGNIFICATION: objective lens x ocular lens
• RESOLUTION: the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure between two points