Using Resources

• iron + water + oxygen -> hydrated iron(iii) oxide
• protection from rusting

  painting

  electroplating

  greasing a metal

  sacrificial protection (magnesium)

  galvanising (zinc)
• soda - lime glass


  heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone
• borosilicate glass

  made by heating sand and boron trioxide to a high temperature
• ceramics

  in the furnace, water is removed and chemical reactions take place
• composite materials consist of two materials with different properties
• A life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to assess the environmental impact a product has over its whole lifetime
• LCAs involve:

  extract and process

  manufacturing and packaging

  use and reuse

  disposal
• haber process

  N2 + 3H2 -> 2HN3
• haber process conditions

  iron catalyst

  450 degrees

  200 atm
• NPK fertilisers contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
• ammonia + nitric acid -> ammonium nitrate


  NH3 (aq) + HNO3 (aq) -> NH4NO3 (aq)
• phosphate rock treated with nitric acid

  phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
• phosphoric acid neutralised with ammonia

  ammonium phosphate
• phosphate rock and sulfuric acid

  single superphosphate - calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate
• phosphate rock and phosphoric acid

  triple superphosphate - calcium phosphate
• Why must fertilisers be soluble

  too dissolve in water and enter the soil so plants can take them up through their roots