Crude Oil

    Cards (51)

    • Describe how crude oil is formed
      • plankton
      • buried in mud
      • over millions of years
    • What type of resource is crude oil?
      • finite resource
      • found in rocks
    • What does finite resource mean?
      • eventually will run out
      • being used at a rate faster than it is being replenished
    • What is crude oil?
      • a mixture of hydrocarbons
      • hydrocarbons = compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only
    • Alkanes
      • hydrocarbons
      • saturated
    • Most hydrocarbons in crude oil
      • alkanes
    • General formula of alkanes
      • CnH2n+2
    • Boiling points : Substances in crude oil have
      • different boiling points
    • Crude oil is separated by
      • Fractional distillation
    • How do you know C5H12 is an alkane?
      • matches general formula
      • CnH2n+2
    • First four members of alkanes
      • methane
      • ethane
      • propane
      • butane
    • Mice
      • mice = methane
      • eat = ethane
      • plastic = propane
      • bags = butane
    • Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions using fractional distillation
      • crude oil is heated
      • to evaporate / vaporise the hydrocarbons
      • the column is hotter at the bottom
      • fractions condense
      • at their different boiling points
    • Why are fractions processed?


      • produce fuels
      • feedstock
      • for petrochemical industry
    • Fuels produced from crude oil : modern lifestyle

      • petrol
      • kerosene
    • Useful materials produced by crude oil : modern lifestyle
      • lubricants
      • detergents
      • solvents
    • Crude oil itself
      • useless
    • Homologous series
      • families of similar compounds
      • in this case, hydrocarbons
      • same general formula
    • Alkanes form a ________ series
      • homologous
    • Fractional distillation
      1. evaporation
      2. condensation
    • Saturated alkanes 

      • form single c-c bonds
    • Combustion of hydrocarbons
      • carbon and oxygen are oxidised
    • Complete combustion
      • plentiful supply of oxygen in air
    • Products of complete combustion

      • carbon dioxide
      • water (vapour)
    • Complete combustion word equation
      hydrocarbon + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water
    • Incomplete combustion
      • limited supply of oxygen in air
      • produces carbon monoxide
      • particulates of carbon (soot)
    • Properties of hydrocarbons that rely on molecular size
      • flammability
      • viscosity
      • boiling point
    • Boiling point : As hydrocarbon chain length increases..
      • Boiling point increases
      • (fractions towards the bottom of the column)
    • Viscosity : As hydrocarbon chain length increases..
      • Viscosity increases
    • Higher viscosity
      • thicker
    • Low viscosity
      • runny
    • Flammability : As the hydrocarbon chain length increases..
      • flammability decreases
      • (fractions towards the bottom of the column)
    • Why do short(er)-chain hydrocarbons have lower boiling points?
      • smaller molecule
      • weak intermolecular forces
      • less energy needed to break bonds / overcome forces
    • Explain why C8H18 has a lower boiling point than C14H30
      • C8H18 = smaller molecule
      • weak intermolecular forces
      • less energy needed to overcome forces
    • Fractionating column : As hydrocarbon chain length increases..
      • volatility decreases
      • how easy it is to evaporate
    • Least volatile fraction
      • fraction with the highest boiling point
      • bottom of the fractionating column
    • Fractions with the lowest boiling point

      • gas at room temp.
      • stored as bottled gas.
    • Why do the fractions separate at different temperatures?
      • condense at different boiling points
    • How can you tell that each of the fractions is a mixture?

      • range of boiling points
    • Compare ethane and ethene (6)
      • Refer to structure bonding, reactions
      Both are hydrocarbons
      Both contain two carbon atoms
      Both have covalent bonds
      Ethane contains a single carbon-carbon bond but ethene contains a double carbon-carbon bond
      Ethene decolourises bromine water but ethane does not decolourise bromine water