RWS 3

• Writers use different patterns in developing paragraphs for various purposes, such as division and classification to organize information into groups, comparison and contrast to identify similarities and differences, causal analysis to explain causes and effects, and narrative writing to tell stories from the narrator's perspective
• Causal analysis is a paragraph development that explains the causes and effects of a particular event, phenomenon, or situation by answering the questions "why" and "how"
• In causal analysis, the writer must focus on writing informatively, persuasively, and speculatively to explain the relationship between events, convince the reader, and suggest possibilities
• To achieve causal analysis, a writer must illustrate the causal chains clearly and in a well-organized manner so that readers can follow the flow of causes and effects and understand the connected events being explained
• Causal analysis can be used to explain topics like how the law of supply and demand affects economic conditions, natural and scientific phenomena, political events, and human experiences and behavior in philosophy and psychology
• Transitional devices for causal analysis:

  • For causes: because of, since, as a result of, due to, thanks to, for the reason that, considering, on account of, owing to
  • For effects: consequently, therefore, thus, as a result, hence, accordingly, so, for this reason, leading to, subsequently
• Narratives are texts that tell stories from the perspective of the narrator, often nonfiction, sharing real-life human experiences that are relatable and inspirational
• Narrative writing uses storytelling skills in written form, making it easier compared to technical writing, and principles must be observed to effectively share a writer's human experience with readers
• Narrative writing is storytelling, requiring well-structured, organized, and interesting content to be easily understood by readers
• Principles of narrative writing:

  1. Natural order of events: usually beginning-middle-ending, but can be rearranged as long as it makes sense

  2. Vivid descriptions through imagery: "Show rather than tell" using sensory experiences like visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, thermal, and kinesthetic imagery

  3. Consistent point-of-view: maintain the same perspective throughout the story for better narration

  4. Consistent verb tense: use past tense for events that already happened, present for current events, and future for upcoming events

  5. Narrative devices: techniques like anecdote, flashback, time stretch, time summary, flashforward, and dialogue add depth to the story
• Narrative devices enrich the meaning of the story, such as anecdote, flashback, time stretch, time summary, flashforward, and dialogue
• Literary techniques:

  • Anecdote: brief narratives written from the writer’s memory
  • Flashback: citing events from the past to explain the present
  • Time Stretch: focusing on a single event in the story, like narrating an entire story that occurred in just five minutes
  • Time Summary: compressing multiple events or shortening a long period of time using expressions like “In a single day…”, “Overnight…”, “Ten days later…”, “After five years…”
  • Flashforward: revealing an event that has yet to happen, providing a quick look into the future
  • Dialogue: the exchange of spoken conversation between characters, enclosed in quotation marks
• Narrative writing requires a writer to tell a story by writing about a sequence of related events as the narrator
• Imagery in narrative writing:

  • Visual imagery: appeals to the sense of sight
  • Auditory imagery: appeals to the sense of hearing
  • Olfactory imagery: appeals to the sense of smell
  • Gustatory imagery: appeals to the sense of taste
  • Tactile imagery: appeals to the sense of touch
  • Thermal imagery: describes temperature
  • Kinesthetic imagery: describes movement
• Consistent point-of-view is highly encouraged for better narration
• Third-person POV is mostly used in conveying the narrator as an observer, knowing not only the dialogue and actions of characters but also their innermost thoughts and emotions