Acid-Base balance

• The pH scale is logarithmic, with every whole number change representing a tenfold increase or decrease.
• +Acid is a kind of chemical which, when dissolved in water decomposes into hydrogen ion or proton (H+)
• some chemical formulas are-

  1. Carbolic Acid (H2CO3)
  2. Calcium Bicarbonate [Ca(HCO3)2]
  3. Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH)
  4. Ferrous Nitrate [Fe(NO3)2]
  5. Ferric Nitrate [Fe(NO3)3]
  6. Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)SO4]
  7. Ammonium Phosphate [(NH4)3PO4]
  8. Sodium Ethanoate (CH3COONa)
  9. Sodium Stearate (C17H35COONa)
• At 25 degree temperature only 4 molecules out of 100o CH3COOH gets decomposed in water.
• The acids which is partially ionized in the aqueous solution is called weak acid (all organic acids)
• The acid which is completely ionized in the aqueous solution is called strong acid.
• The acid that contains comparatively less amount of water is called concentrated acid.
• The acid that contains comparatively greater amount of water is called dilute acid.
• The neutral compound which contain both acid and basic radical.
• Metal or metal like reactive radical oxide and hydroxide that undergoes reactions with acid to produce salt and water is called base.
• Blue litmus paper turns red when put in acidic solution
• 1. Milk contains lactic acid.
  2. Soft drinks contains carbonic acid.
  3. lemon or orange citric acid.
  4. tamarind contains tartaric acid.
  5. vinegar contains ethanoic acid.
  6. tea contains tannic acid.
• Acid undergoes reactions with reactive metal(K, Na, Mg) to produce salt and hydrogen.
• dilute acids reacts with carbonate to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide.
• Reactions to produce carbon dioxide, water and salt.

  1. Diluted acid + Metallic Carbonate.
  2. Diluted acid + Metallic Bicarbonate.
  3. Dilute acid + Metal Oxide.
  4. Dilute acid + Alkali.
• Pure Sulfuric acid and Nitric acid are colourless.
• Concentrated acids are - Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid, Nitric acid etc.
• Examples of bases are - Na2O, CuO, FeO, Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3
• Hydroxide compounds of metals or metal like reactive metal that are soluble in water is called Alkali.
• The solution prepared by adding comparative smaller amounts of base in larger amount of water is called a dilute base.
• Only hydroxide ions in the solution can carry a negative charge.
• Ammonia gas is the summation of ammonium molecules.
• pH is used as a unit to determine the nature of a aqueous solution, a measure of the acidity, alkalinity or neutrality of the solution.
• pH's importance in the field of agriculture-

  1. Value of good soil (6 - 8) can be measured and if found less than 3 and more than 8 then its bad soil. Using a pH value the soils acidity or alkalinity can be settled.
  2. use of CaO if value drops and use of ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate if value rises.

  In the field of Bio-chemical reactions and cosmetics.
• The positive ion of the salt comes from the base that is why it is known as basic radical.
• The temperature of the spot where thunder strikes reaches 3000 degree Celsius.
• Hardness of water caused by bicarbonate (HCO3) salts of calcium, iron, magnesium etc in water is known as temporary hard water.
• When heat is added to temporary hard water insoluble precipitate carbonate salt accumulates at the bottom of the container and thus water can easily be separated using a filler.
• Hardness of water caused by chloride or salts of calcium, magnesium, sulfate etc in water then it is known as permanent hard water.
• if the pH value of water is less than 4, 5 and greater than 9.5 it will be a threat to living beings.
• The elaboration of BOD is Biological Oxygen Demand.
• The amount of oxygen needed to decompose the organic matters in water in the presence of air is known as BOD of that water.
• The elaboration of COD is Chemical Oxygen Demand.
• The quality of the water analyzed by measuring extent of organic pollutants in water by COD.
• alum dust [K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O]