Geography chapter 1 and 2

• The equator divides the Earth into Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere
• the tropics are between Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn
• the physical environment has no human features
• the human environment is changed by man
• the 7 continents are: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America, and Antarctica
• the five oceans are the pacific, atlantic, indian, arctic and southern
• lithosphere is earth's solid and rocky land surface that forms the earth's surfaces
• the hydrosphere is water on and under Earth's surface
• the atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds the earth and its condition
• the biosphere is the quantity and diversity of natural vegetation and living systems (all life)
• a natural resource is a useful material that is naturally occurring in the physical environment.
• a resource is a material that is identified by people to be useful
• renewable resources are considered to be an unlimited supply as they are able to generate at the rate that they are being used
• non-renewable resources have a limited supply and are unable to regenerate at the rate they are being used at
• How is oil and natural gas formed?

  A few hundred million years ago, marine plants and animals died and sank to the bottom of the sea. They were buried by many layers of sand and slit and subjected to high heat and pressure. Due to the lack of oxygen, there is partial decomposition of these remains causing them to turn into oil and natural gas.
• Oil and natural gas are considered as non-renewable resources as it takes a very long time to form. Thus, it may not be replenished in a person's lifetime which results in a limited amount each time period.
• what is nature-centred view?

  the physical environment and its natural resources are valuable in itself, hence it should be preserved-protected and retained in its original state as far as possible. People's use of the physical environment should be minimised or even prohibited.
• what is human-centred view?

  the natural environment and its resources are of value only if they are able to benefit humans. A natural resource is considered useless if it does not benefit humans or man's personal interests.
• what is the meaning of reduce?

  reducing is lessening consumption of products
• what is the meaning of reuse?

  reusing is repurposing items to reduce the need to buy new ones
• what is the meaning of recycle?

  recycling is converting used materials into new and useful ones
• what is the meaning of recover?

  recovering means to recover useful materials from the waste we produce
• the prime meridian is the line that divides the earth into western and eastern hemispheres
• the international date line is at 180 degrees longtitude