Bio

• Genetic terms:

  • Homozygous recessive
  • Phenotype
  • Individual
  • Genetic trait
  • Genetic dominance
  • Genetic ratio (e.g., 2:1)
  • Genetic cross
  • Genetic mutation
• Plants undergo alternation of generations:

  • Diploid (2N) and haploid (1N) cells
  • Multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte
  • Spores and gametes
  • Spores are a way for plants to defend themselves
  • Gametes are the sexual component of plants
• Nutrition types:

  • Autotrophic (can manufacture their own nutrients)
  • Photoautotrophic (use light from the sun)
  • Chemoautotrophic (create organic substances)
  • Heterotrophic (cannot make their own food)
  • Ectoparasitism and endoparasitism
• Organisms classified by nutrition:

  • Saprophytic (obtain energy by digesting dead organic matter)
  • Parasitic (take food from another organism)
  • Holozoic nutrition (ingest solid or liquid food)
  • Herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous animals
• Reproduction types:

  • Asexual reproduction (e.g., budding, fragmentation, binary fission)
  • Sexual reproduction (involves gametes or sex cells)
• Feedback mechanisms:

  • Homeostasis (maintains internal balance)
  • Stimulus response (body's reaction to a stimulus)
  • Regulation of body temperature and gas concentration
• Regulation of body functions:

  • Carbohydrate chains on cell membranes
  • Polypeptide proteins
  • Cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell
  • Semi-permeable membrane allows selective passage
  • Stimulus response is the body's reaction to a stimulus
• Regulation of body temperature:

  • Hypothalamus regulates temperature, sleep, and hormone secretion
  • ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) regulates fluid release in the kidney
• Regulation of gas concentration:

  • Respiratory system maintains CO2 and O2 levels
  • pH level is influenced by carbon dioxide concentration
• Regulation of blood pressure:

  • Circulatory system regulates blood pressure
• Regulation of fluid:

  • Stimulus response to increase in osmotic pressure
• Development of plants and animals:

  • Growth involves physical and biological changes
  • Plants and animals have different methods of reproduction
• Traits in organisms:

  • Play a vital role in species continuation and survival
  • Plants and animals use traits for reproduction
• Plants and animals have different methods of reproduction:

  • Asexual reproduction (e.g., budding, fragmentation)
  • Sexual reproduction involves gametes or sex cells
• Feedback mechanisms:

  • Homeostasis maintains internal balance
  • Stimulus response is the body's reaction to a stimulus
• Gas exchange involves the transfer of gases in opposite directions across a respiratory surface, essential for metabolic reactions
• Different organisms have various ways of exchanging gases:

  • Cell membrane: used by unicellular organisms for gas exchange through diffusion
  • Plants have specialized structures in leaves for gas exchange
  • Gills in aquatic organisms increase the surface area for gas exchange
  • Tracheal systems carry gases directly to cells for exchange
  • Lungs, like in humans, are complex respiratory organs
• Plants have two main circulatory organs:

  • Xylem: transports water and nutrients from roots to plant parts
  • Phloem: transports sugar and metabolic products from leaves to the plant
• Fluid regulation in plants involves processes like osmosis, transpiration, and adhesion-cohesion properties of water
• The circulatory system distributes nutrients and minerals in organisms, while all organisms must transport important molecules and remove wastes
• In animals, fluid regulation includes water and minerals entering the body through drinking and eating, matching the tonicity of the environment
• The immune system protects organisms from foreign bodies, identifying threats and finding ways to combat them
• Nervous control in plants is mainly at the root tip or apex, while in animals, the brain is the primary organ for nervous control
• Different tropisms in plants include geotropism (response to gravity), hydrotropism (response to water), and thigmotropism (response to mechanical stimulation)