L3: Manifestation of Diseases

• Disease

  • refers to any condition that results from the abnormal function of cells, tissues, and organs, and not the abnormal structure of cells, tissues, and organs
  • diagnosis can improve the effectiveness of treatments and avoid long-term complications for the infected patient; undiagnosed patients can unknowingly transmit the disease to others.
  • prognosis is a guess as to the outcome of treatment; a diagnosis is actually identifying the problem and giving it a name
• MANIFESTATION OF DISEASE

  • tissues collectively make up the organs/physiological system of a body of an individual
  • changes develop signs and symptoms called manifestation of diseases
  • manifestation are the signs indicating an underlying diseae
  • two or more diseases have the same symptoms
• SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE

  • changes that patient experience before or during the disease; doctor cannot observe it so patient must inform doctor
  • subjective, ikaw lang nakakaalam

  SIGNS OF DISEASE

  • refer to the changes in the normal functioning or structure of the body
  • physician/doctor can easily notice signs in the patients body, e.g. rashes, inflammation, swelling
  • physician perceives
• Organ-Specific & Tissue-Specific Disease Manifestations

  • a human body is very large in comparison to a small microscopic organism. hence, they can travel inside a body and move to different places such as organs and tissues. however, these microbes do not go to same tissue or organ.
  • different species of microbes are evolved in such a way that they are very selective and they will enter different parts of the body. point of the entry forms the basis of the selection.

  e.g. malaria - causing microbes "plasmodium" enter via mosquito bite then move to liver and then to red blood cells
• Mechanism of Organ-Specific & Tissue-Specific Disease Manifestations

  • Manifestations of any disease will vary on the basis of tissue or organ a microbe is targeting
  • There are certain common effects that the immune system of the body produces against any foreign particles causing infection. A healthy and active immune system recruit cells to kill the microbes present in the infected region. This process of recruitment is known as inflammation
• DIAGNOSIS

  • determining the nature of a disease or disorder and distinguishing it from other possible conditions
  • the method by which health professionals select one disease over another, identifying one as the most likely cause of a person’s symptoms
  • symptoms that appear early are often more vague, making it harder to create an accurate diagnosis; depends on the timing and the sequence of the symptoms past medical history and risk factors, and recent exposure to disease
• TYPES OF DIAGNOSIS

  1. Clinical diagnosis
  2. Laboratory diagnosis
  3. Radiology diagnosis
  4. Principal diagnosis
  5. Admitting diagnosis
  6. Differential diagnosis
  7. Prenatal diagnosis
  8. Diagnosis of exclusion
  9. Dual diagnosis
  10. Self-diagnosis
  11. Remote diagnosis
  12. Nursing diagnosis
  13. Computer-aided diagnosis
  14. Over diagnosis
  15. Errors in diagnosis
• Clinical diagnosis

  • made on the basis of medical signs and patient reported symptoms, rather than diagnostic tests
• Laboratory diagnosis 

  • based significantly on laboratory reports or test results, rather than the physical examination of the patient. For instance, a proper diagnosis of infectious diseases usually requires both an examination of signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory characteristics of the pathogen involved. 
• Radiology diagnosis 

  • A diagnosis based primarily on the results from medical imaging studies. Magnetic resonating imaging (MRI) are common radiological diagnoses.
• Principal diagnosis

  • single medical diagnosis that is most relevant to the patient's chief complaint or need for treatment. 
• Admitting diagnosis 

  • The diagnosis given as the reason why the patient was admitted to the hospital; it may differ from the actual problem or from the discharge diagnoses, which are the diagnoses recorded when the patient is discharged from the hospital. 
• Differential diagnosis 

  • A process of identifying all of the possible diagnoses that could be connected to the signs, symptoms, and lab findings, and then ruling out diagnoses until a final determination can be made.
• Prenatal diagnosis

  • Diagnosis work done before birth. Example: sonography
• Diagnosis of exclusion

  • A medical condition whose presence cannot be established with complete confidence from either examination or testing
• Dual diagnosis 

  The diagnosis of two related, but separate, medical conditions.
• Self-diagnosis 

  Examples : headaches, menstrual cramps, and head lice.
• Remote diagnosis 

  Type of telemedicine that diagnoses a patient without being physically in the same room as the patient  Example : Teleradiology
• Nursing diagnosis 

  Identifies people's responses to situations in their lives, such as a readiness to change or a willingness to accept assistance.
• Computer-aided diagnosis 

  Providing symptoms allows the computer to identify the problem and diagnose the user to the best of its ability. Example : auditory brainstem response.
• Over diagnosis 

  It is a diagnosis of a disease that will never cause symptoms or death during patients life. It is a problem because it turns people into patients unnecessarily and it can lead to treatment that may cause harm. Over diagnosis occurs when a disease is diagnosed correctly but the diagnosis is irrelevant. A correct diagnosis may be increment because the treatment for the disease is not available, needed, not created.
• Errors in diagnosis 

  Manifestation of disease condition are not sufficiently noticeable. A condition is omitted for consideration. Too much of significance is given to some aspects of diagnosis.
• TREATMENT OF DISEASES

  • medical treatment means the management and care of a patient to combat disease or disorder, also called therapy. there are three major classifications of medical treatment

  1. Curative - to cure a patient of an illness
  2. Palliative - to relieve symptoms from an illness
  3. Preventive - to avoid the onset of an illness
• TYPES OF TREATMENT:

  1. Active treatment
  2. Causal treatment
  3. Conservative treatment
  4. Empiric treatment
  5. Expectant treatment
  6. Extraordinary treatment
  7. Palliative treatment
  8. Preventive treatment
• Active treatment - directed immediately to the cure of the disease or injury.
• Causal treatment - directed against the cause of a disease.
• Conservative treatment - designed to avoid radical medical therapeutic measures or operative procedures.
• Empiric treatment - treatment by means that experience has proved to be beneficial.
• Expectant treatment - treatment directed toward relief of untoward symptoms, leaving the cure of the disease to natural forces.
• Extraordinary treatment - a type of treatment that is usually highly invasive and might be considered burdensome to the patient; the effort to decide what is extraordinary raises numerous ethical questions.
• Palliative treatment - is designed to relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life for patients to live longer and to live comfortably.
• Preventive treatment - medical practices that are designed to avert and avoid disease.
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB). It is an airborne infection that destroys body tissue. Pulmonary TB occurs when mycobacterium tuberculosis primarily attacks the lungs.
• Signs and symptoms of TB

  1. cough up phlegm
  2. cough up blood
  3. consistent fever, including low-grade fevers
  4. night sweats
  5. chest pains
  6. unexplained weight loss
  7. fatigue
• Diagnosis of TB

  1. Physical exam to check for fluid in your lungs
  2. Medical history
  3. Genexpert test
  4. TB skin test(TST)
  5. TB blood test
  6. Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay 
  7. Sputum smear microscopy
  8. Chest x-ray examination
• Treatment for TB

  You’ll need to take these drugs for six months or longer for the best results.

  The most common TB medicines are:

  1. isoniazid
  2. pyrazinamide
  3. ethambutol (Myambutol)
  4. rifampin (Rifadin)